SiO<sub>2</sub>气凝胶复合材料及其在航空航天领域的研究进展

穆锐; 刘元雪; 刘晓英; 张育新; 姚未来; 任俊儒; 陈金锋; 成鑫磊; 杨秀明; 龚宏伟

SiO₂气凝胶复合材料及其在航空航天领域的研究进展

穆锐^{1, 2},
刘元雪^{1, 2, ,},
刘晓英¹,
张育新³,
姚未来¹,
任俊儒¹,
陈金锋¹,
成鑫磊¹,
杨秀明¹,
龚宏伟¹

1.
陆军勤务学院, 重庆 401331
2.
岩土力学与地质环境保护重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 401331
3.
重庆大学　材料科学与工程学院, 重庆 400030

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41877219)；陆军勤务学院科研创新团队项目(X205071306)。

详细信息

通讯作者:
刘元雪，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为岩土力学与特种工程材料。联系地址：重庆市沙坪坝区大学城北一路20号。　E-mail：lyuanxue@vip.sina.com

中图分类号: V19;TB34;TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-10
- 修回日期: 2024-01-04
- 录用日期: 2024-01-29
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-12
- 刊出日期: 2024-07-15

Advances in silica aerogel composites and their research in aerospace

1.
Army Logistics University of PLA, Chongqing 401331, P.R.China
2.
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geoenvironment Protection, Chongqing 401331, China
3.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China

Funds: This work were financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (41877219) and the Research Innovation Team Project of Army Logistics University of PLA (X205071306).

摘要

摘要: 航空航天作为目前最前沿、最基础和最具影响力的科学技术研究领域，其科学研究发展水平是衡量国家科学技术创新性的重要标志。航空航天保温隔热材料作为航空航天技术发展最重要的技术支撑，如何制备出具有良好保温隔热性能和机械强度的材料对航空航天技术的发展具有重要意义。SiO₂气凝胶凭借超低热导率、高孔隙率、高比表面积和超低密度等优异性能，在深空探测器、太阳能翻板、航天飞机发动机、固体火箭助推器和返回舱底座等特种工程设备材料具有较好的应用前景。近年来，随着SiO₂气凝胶研究方法与制备技术的不断发展，通过将其与具有高强度、耐高温性等功能材料进行复合，可协同提升其保温隔热和机械强度等性能，对航空航天特种工程材料发展至关重要。鉴于此，本文简述了SiO₂气凝胶的发展历程，详细分析总结了SiO₂气凝胶与常见氧化物、纤维增强和有机聚合物等增强材料复合形成的气凝胶复合材料在航空航天领域的研究进展，主要从SiO₂气凝胶复合材料的制备方法、结构特征、保温隔热、力学性能等方面进行评述，并展望了SiO₂气凝胶复合材料在该领域研究应用所存在的问题、面临的挑战和未来发展方向。
- SiO₂气凝胶 /
- 氧化物气凝胶 /
- 纤维增强相 /
- 有机聚合物 /
- 力学增强 /
- 航空航天
Abstract: As the most cutting-edge, basic and influential science and technology research field, the level of scientific research development is an important symbol to measure the innovation of national science and technology. However, aerospace thermal insulation materials are the most important technical support for the development of aerospace technology, and how to prepare materials with good thermal insulation properties and mechanical strength is of great significance for the development of aerospace technology. Silicon dioxide aerogel with ultra-low thermal conductivity, high porosity, high specific surface area and ultra-low density and other excellent properties, in the deep space probe, solar panels, space shuttle engines, solid rocket boosters and return capsule base and other special engineering equipment materials have a better application prospects.. In recent years, with the continuous development of silica aerogel research methods and preparation technology, by compounding it with functional materials with high strength and high temperature resistance, it can synergistically enhance its properties such as thermal insulation and mechanical strength, which is crucial for the development of aerospace special engineering materials. In view of this, this paper briefly describes the development history of silica aerogel, analyzes and summarizes in detail the research progress of aerogel composites formed by compositing silica aerogel with common oxides, fiber-reinforced and organic polymers and other reinforcing materials in the field of aerospace, and mainly comments on the preparation method, structural characteristics, heat insulation, mechanical properties, etc., and looks ahead to the problems, challenges, and future directions of the research and application of silica aerogel composites in this field.
- silica aerogels /
- oxide aerogels /
- fiber-reinforced /
- phases organic polymers /
- mechanical reinforcement /
- aerospace

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图 1 SiO₂气凝胶复合材料的发展与航空航天领域应用轴线

Figure 1. Silicon dioxide composite aerogel material development and application axis in aerospace

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图 2 新型硼酸铝晶须(ABOw)/Al₂O₃-SiO₂ 气凝胶复合材料的制备过程^[15]

Figure 2. The fabrication process of the ABOw/Al₂O₃-SiO₂ aerogel composites^[15]

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图 3 TiO₂-SiO₂复合气凝胶的结构演变与传热机制^[23]

Figure 3. Structural evolution and heat transfer mechanism of the TiO₂-SiO₂ composite aerogel^[23]

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图 4 (a)~(d):ZrO₂-SiO₂-X 的照片；(e)~(h):多重浸渍过程示意图：图(f)-(h)中的蓝点代表多重浸渍过程中形成的ZrO₂和SiO₂纳米颗粒^[33]

Figure 4. (a)~(d): The photographs of ZrO₂-SiO₂-X; (e)~(h): The illustration of the multiple impregnation process (the blue dots in figure (f)-(h) represent ZrO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles formed during multiple impregnation process)^[33]

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图 5 玻璃纤维增强SiO₂复合气凝胶的制备工艺^[43]

Figure 5. Preparation process of glass fiber reinforced silica composite aerogel^[43]

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图 6 陶瓷纤维增强SiO₂复合气凝胶高温烧结的模型^[48]

Figure 6. Model for high-temperature sintering of ceramic fiber-reinforced silica composite aerogels^[48]

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图 7 碳纤维(CF)/SiO₂气凝胶的形成及其向C/SiO₂/SiC三元气凝胶的转化过程^[56]

Figure 7. Formation of CF/SiO₂ aerogel and its transformation to C/SiO₂/SiC ternary aerogel^[56]

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图 8 聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)/SiO₂复合气凝胶的制备及阻燃机制模型^[65]

Figure 8. Preparation of PUF/SiO₂ composite aerogel and model of flame retardant mechanism^[65]

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图 9 有机聚合物复合SiO₂气凝胶的合成机理：(a)聚苯并恶嗪(PBO)气凝胶中分子内氢键形成和负载下的抗压强度^[71]；(b)互穿二元网络酚醛树脂(PFR)/SiO₂复合气凝胶的合成和结构组成^[75]

Figure 9. Synthesis mechanism of organic polymer composite silica aerogels: (a) intramolecular hydrogen bond formation and compressive strength under loading in PBO aerogels^[71]; (b) synthesis and structural composition of interpenetrating binary network PFR/SiO₂ composite aerogels^[75]

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表 1 常见SiO₂气凝胶复合材料主要性能特征及应用对比情况

Table 1. Comparison of the main performance characteristics and applications of common silica aerogel composites

Forms	Reinforcing phase material	Main Performance Characteristics					Key scientific questions	References
Forms	Reinforcing phase material	Thermal conductivity/(W·(m·K)^-1)	Mechanical strength /MPa	Specific surface area (m²/g)/%	High porosity /% Pore volume /(m³·g^-1)	Low density /(g·m^-3)	Key scientific questions	References
Oxide-reinforced composite SiO₂ aerogels	Al₂O₃	0.029- 0.040	1.400	122.70-123.90 m²/g	63.10%	0.250	It mainly solves the technical bottleneck of reuse of aircraft thermal insulation materials and improves the high-temperature structural stability of SiO₂ aerogel composites, which can be used as thermal insulation materials for aircraft shells, solar cells and other devices.	[15-17]
	TiO₂	—	—	105-645 m²/g	2.63-2.85 m³/g	—		[20-21]
	ZrO₂	0.024- 0.032	0.510-3.110	59.20%	90.8%	0.160- 0.460		[32-33]
Fiber-reinforced SiO₂ composite aerogel	Glass fiber	0.019- 0.026	0.580-12.000	870.90 m²/g	—	0.239	The mechanical strength of SiO₂ aerogel composites has been enhanced by fiber reinforcement, which can be used as a good super-insulating and thermal protection material for spacecraft.	[39-44]
	Ceramic fiber	0.022- 0.182	0.050-1.050	—	—	—		[46-47,50]
	Carbon fiber	0.024- 0.530	1.000-2.846	746.87 m²/g	89.10%	0.005		[54-56]
Organic polymer composite SiO₂ aerogel	Polyurethane (PU)	0.028- 0.130	0.221-0.486	—	—	—	It mainly solves the properties of durability, heat insulation and mechanical strength of materials in the air and space environment, and is expected to solve the technical difficulties of heat insulation materials under special aerospace conditions.	[61,65]
	Polyimide (PI)	0.020- 0.057	14.42	51.00-75.00%	90.00%	0.050- 0.412		[67,71]
	Phenol formaldehyde (PF)	—	39.22-57.22	—	—	0.200		[75-76]

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