Failure mechanisms and residual compression performance of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite shaft tubes subjected to low velocity impact
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摘要: 采用落锤冲击试验模拟低速冲击过程，对碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料传动轴的轴管在不同能级冲击下的损伤行为以及冲击后的剩余压缩性能进行了研究；通过ABQUAS有限元分析软件和X射线断层扫描技术(CT）相结合的方法观察了复合材料轴管在受到低速冲击时的损伤形式，研究其内部损伤规律。结果表明，复合材料轴管的抗冲击形变能力随着冲击能量的增加先增强后减弱，在冲击能量为10 ~20 J之间出现最大值。CT无损检测结果显示复合材料轴管的失效形式包括分层损伤、树脂开裂和纤维破裂(断裂)。在低能量冲击时，复合材料轴管主要产生分层损伤和树脂的开裂，而纤维断裂损伤只出现在冲击位置，且随着冲击能量的增加纤维断裂现象愈加显著。有限元仿真结果显示复合材料轴管中的碳纤维在拉伸方向的失效明显小于压缩失效，压缩失效沿纤维排布方向扩散，拉伸失效沿轴向和横向呈十字扩散，轴向失效的程度大于横向失效的程度；而树脂的压缩失效沿轴向从冲击位置向横向扩散，扩散形状近似圆形，越靠近圆心失效越明显，拉伸失效范围呈十字，整体失效沿十字边缘扩散。
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关键词:
- 碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料 /
- 轴管 /
- 低速冲击损伤 /
- ABQUAS有限元分析 /
- 剩余压缩性能
Abstract: Drop hammer impact test was used to study the failure mechanism and the compression after impact (CAI) of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite shaft tubes when subjected to different impact energy levels to simulate the low-velocity impact (LVI) process. ABQUAS finite element analysis technology and X-ray tomography (CT) techniques were used to investigate the internal failure mechanisms. Results show that, with the increase of impact energy, the deformation resistance of the composite tubes first increases and then decreases, and reaches a maximum value when the impact energy falls between 10 J and 20 J. The accuracy of the test results is confirmed by the fact that the energy absorption rates of the shaft tube with different energy levels differ little. CT results show that the composite shaft tube after LVI mainly fails in forms of delamination and resin cracking. Fiber fracture mainly occurs at the impact location, and the fiber fracture becomes more and more significant with the increase of impact energy. The finite element simulation results show that the fiber failure of composite shaft tube in the tensile direction is significantly less than the compression failure. The compression failure mainly diffuses along the fiber layout direction. The tensile failure mainly spreads along the axial direction and transverse direction, and the axial failure degree is greater than the transverse failure degree. The compression failure of the resin mainly diffuses from the impact position to the transverse along the axial direction. The diffusion shape is nearly round, the closer to the center, the failure is more obvious. The stretching failure range is a cross; the overall failure diffuses along the cross edge. -
图 1 环氧树脂体系固化过程中的分段加热方案
Figure 1. Subsection heating scheme during curing of the epoxy resin system
图 2 缠绕成型工艺制备碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料管流程
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of filament winding process of preparing carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite tube
图 3 低速冲击试验机：(a)总成图；(b)直径为12.5 mm的冲头;(c)信号接收仪
Figure 3. Low-velocity impact test set-up: (a) Assembly drawing; (b) Punch with 12.5 mm diameter; (c) Signal receiver
图 4 低速冲击工装改进：(a) 管两端金属套件约束；(b) 实际测试V型槽约束
Figure 4. Improved low velocity impact measurement installation: (a) Composite tube-installed metal kits; (b) Actual LVI tests
图 5 碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管有限元模型
Figure 5. Finite element mode of carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes
图 6 轴向压缩试验：(a) 冲击后压缩碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管样品；(b) 径向压缩测试图
Figure 6. Radial compression test: (a) Impact-damaged carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tube; (b) Location of damaged tube
图 7 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管接触力-位移曲线
Figure 7. Force-displacement curves for carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 8 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管位移-时间曲线
Figure 8. Displacement-time diagrams for carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 9 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管的残余形变率随冲击能量的变化
Figure 9. Residual deformation rate of carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes varies with the impact energy
图 10 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管的吸收能量-时间曲线
Figure 10. Energy-time diagrams for carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 11 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管的轴向CT切片图像
Figure 11. CT images for carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 12 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管内纤维的压缩失效云图
Figure 12. Compression failure nephograms of carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 13 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管内纤维的拉伸失效云图
Figure 13. Tensile failure nephograms of carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 14 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管内树脂的压缩失效云图
Figure 14. Compression failure nephograms of resin in the carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 15 不同冲击能量下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管内树脂的拉伸失效云图
Figure 15. Tensile failure nephograms of resin in the carbon fiber/epoxy composite shaft tubes under different impact energies
图 16 未受冲击管在不同冲击能量下的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料轴管的压缩载荷随位移的变化曲线
Figure 16. Typical compression load–displacement curves of carbon fiber/epoxy composite unimpacted tube, and tubes under different impact energy
表 1 碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料参数
Table 1. Materials’ parameters of carbon fiber/epoxy composites
Elastic parameter of composites Failure parameter of Hashin criterion E11= 123.3 GPa XT= 1632 MPa;
YC=ZT=34 MPaE22=E33=7.78 GPa XC= 704 MPa;
YC=ZC=68 MPaυ12=υ13=0.27 S12=80 MPa;
S13= S23=55 MPaυ23=0.42 Gft=90 kJ/m2;
Gfc=80 kJ/m2G12= G13=5 GPa Gmt=520 J/m2;
Gmc=1580 J/m2G23=3.1 GPa Notes：E11, E22, E33—Elasticity modulus in the fiber direction, perpendicular to the fiber direction and normal direction, respectively; υ—Poisson's ratio; XT, YT, ZT—Tensile strength in the fiber direction, perpendicular to the fiber direction and normal direction, respectively; XC, YC, ZC—Compressive strength in the fiber direction, perpendicular to the fiber direction and normal direction, respectively; S12, S13, S23 —Sheer strength of the plane in the normal direction, perpendicular to the fiber direction and fiber direction, respectively; G12, G13, G23—Shear modulus of the plane in the normal direction, perpendicular to the fiber direction and fiber direction, respectively; Gft, Gfc, Gmt, Gmc—Fracture energy density generated from the fiber tensile stress, fiber compression stress, matrix tensile stress and matrix compression stress, respectively. 
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