Technology status and research trend of low-ice-adhesion anti-icing andde-icing coatings
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摘要: 结冰是一种常见的自然现象，冰的形成和堆积会给航空航天、舰船交通、电力系统、能源设施等带来许多安全问题。研究防/除冰材料及技术，提升防御结冰灾害的应对能力，对日常生活、工业生产、国防军工等具有重要意义。低冰粘附防/除冰涂层利用材料本身的性能显著降低冰与表面的粘附力，使冰在风力或自重作用下脱离，具有广阔的发展前景。本文首先介绍了冰的形成原理和结冰类型。随后，从纳米、微米等不同尺度总结分析了低冰粘附防/除冰涂层理论模拟方面的研究进展。根据降低冰粘附机制的不同，分别介绍了超疏水涂层、润滑表面涂层、低模量弹性体涂层、应力集中诱发裂纹涂层、低界面韧性涂层等不同类型涂层的除冰机制和制备方法。综述了冰粘附性的评价指标和实验方法，阐述了各种冰粘附强度测试方法的优缺点。最后，展望了低冰粘附防/除冰涂层未来的研究方向。Abstract: Icing is universal in nature, whose formation and accumulation can cause many safety problems to aerospace, naval transportation, electric power systems, energy facilities etc. Research on anti-icing and de-icing materials and technologies to enhance the ability to respond to ice disasters is of great significance to daily life, industrial production, and national defense and military industry. Low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings have a promising future as they can significantly reduce the ice adhesion on surface through the properties of themselves, allowing ice to be removed by wind or gravity. In this paper, first, the principles of formation and classification of ice were introduced. Secondly, the research progress of theoretical simulation of low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings was summarized through different length scales, such as nano and micrometers. After that, different types of coatings, like superhydrophobic coatings, liquid-infused surface coatings, low modulus elastomer coatings, macro-crack initiator coatings and low-interfacial-toughness coatings, were introduced by different mechanisms of reducing ice adhesion, focusing on the de-icing mechanisms and preparation methods. What's more, the evaluation indicators and test methods of ice adhesion were reviewed in this paper, and the advantages and disadvantages of various ice adhesion strength test methods were expounded. Finally, some prospect for the future of low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings was given by this paper.
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图 5 超疏水涂层的未来发展方向：(a)装甲超疏水涂层[76]；(b)自修复超疏水涂层[77]；(c)自相似超疏水涂层[78]；(d)光热超疏水涂层[44]；(e)层次结构超疏水涂层[83]；(f)凹入结构超疏水涂层[87]
CA—Contact angle
Figure 5. Future of superhydrophobic coatings: (a) Armored superhydrophobic coatings[76]; (b) Self-healing superhydrophobic coatings[77]; (c) Self-similar superhydrophobic coatings[78]; (d) Photothermal superhydrophobic coatings[44]; (e) Hierarchical superhydrophobic coatings[83]; (f) Re-entrant superhydrophobic coatings[87]
图 6 润滑表面涂层的未来发展方向：(a)光热润滑表面涂层[46]；(b)自修复润滑表面涂层[101]；(c)超疏水-润滑表面(SHS & LIS)可切换涂层[102]；(d)相变材料复合润滑表面涂层[103]；(e)表面纹理优化[105]；(f)液膜生成润滑表面涂层[106]；(g)界面滑移润滑表面涂层[107]
PSSS—Photothermal solid slippery surface; CNT—Carbon nanotube; SLIPS—Slippery liquid infused porous surfaces; PTSLIPS—Phase transformable slippery liquid infused porous surfaces; LLG—Liquid layer generators
Figure 6. Future of liquid-infused surface coatings: (a) Photothermal lubricated surface coatings[46]; (b) Self-healing lubricated surface coatings[101];(c) Superhydrophobic-lubricated surface (SHS & LIS) switchable coatings[102]; (d) Phase-change-material composite lubricated surface coatings[103]; (e) Optimized surface texture[105]; (f) Liquid-film-generation lubricated surface coatings[106]; (g) Interfacial-slippage lubricated surface coatings[107]
图 8 应力集中诱发裂纹涂层的未来发展方向：(a)断裂可控表面[51]；(b)超疏水复合应力集中诱发裂纹涂层[124]；(c)润滑表面复合应力集中诱发裂纹涂层[68]
PU—Polyurethane; RTV-1—Single-component room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber; R—Radius of water droplets; Rc—Critical size of ice nucleation; SL—Solid lubricant; LL—Liquid lubricant; E51-EP—E51 epoxy resin; α, ω-PDMS—α, ω-polysiloxane; IPN—Interpenetrating polymer network; F-SIDI—Fracture-promoted ultraslippery ice detachment interface; F—Shear force; m—Mass; g—Gravitational acceleration
Figure 8. Future of stress-located crack initiator coatings: (a) Fracture-controlled surfaces[51]; (b) Superhydrophobic-composited stress-located crack initiator coatings[124]; (c) Lubricated-surface-composited stress-located crack initiator coatings[68]
图 9 低界面韧性涂层的未来发展方向：(a)新型低界面韧性涂层[66]；(b)主动除冰复合低界面韧性涂层[15]；(c)低界面韧性涂层的影响因素[128]；(d)低界面韧性涂层的改性[127]
SRR—Split ring resonator; H, λ—Amplitude and wavelength of surface roughness; β—Shielding factor; PVC—Polyvinyl chloride
Figure 9. Future of low-interfacial-toughness coatings: (a) New low-interfacial-toughness coatings[66]; (b) Active-methods-composited low-interfacial-toughness coatings[15]; (c) Factors affecting low-interfacial-toughness coatings[128]; (d) Modification of low-interfacial-toughness coatings[127]
图 10 试样级冰粘附测试方法：(a)拉伸实验[27]；(b)离心实验[133]；(c)零度锥实验[54]；(d)推离实验[134]
P—Pressure; c—Length; D—Diameter; LVDT—Linear variable displacement transducer; a—Thickness
Figure 10. Sample-oriented test method for ice adhesion strength: (a) Tensile test[27]; (b) Centrifugation test[133]; (c) Zero-degree cone test[54]; (d) Push-off test[134]
表 1 目前的低冰粘附防/除冰涂层
Table 1. Low-ice-adhesion anti-icing and de-icing coatings
Type De-icing mechanism Advantage and disadvantage Superhydrophobic coatings Low surface energy;
Low actual contact areaConsidered to be the ideal anti-icing and de-icing strategy, significantly reduce ice adhesion;
Poor durability, not resistant to low temperature and high humidity environmentLubricated surface coatings Lubricating liquid film insulating the ice and the surface Significantly reduce the ice adhesion;
Severe wear, poor durability, and regular maintenance requiredLow-modulus elastomer coatings The reduction of shear modulus induces interface cavitation and crack initiation Extremely low adhesion of ice;
Poor durabilityStress-located crack initiator coatings The stress concentration induces uneven deformation and cracks Extremely low adhesion of ice;
Poor durabilityLow-interfacial-toughness coatings Reducing interfacial toughness promotes large-scale de-icing Suitable for large area de-icing;
Poor durability, high cost, complex manufacturing
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