增材制造钛基复合材料体系与组织结构设计

高翔; 鲁晓楠; 李建超; 王欢; 彭华新

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231027.003

增材制造钛基复合材料体系与组织结构设计

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231027.003

高翔^{1, 2},
鲁晓楠^{1, 2},
李建超²,
王欢²,
彭华新^{1, 2, ,}

1.
浙江大学　宁波科创中心，宁波 315100
2.
浙江大学　材料科学与工程学院，功能复合材料与结构研究所，杭州 310027

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3707404)；浙江省“领雁”研发攻关计划(2022C01087)；国家自然科学基金(52101184)

详细信息

通讯作者:
彭华新，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为先进复合材料及其构型化设计　E-mail: hxpengwork@zju.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB331
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- 文章访问数: 562
- HTML全文浏览量: 251
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-07-25
- 修回日期: 2023-09-22
- 录用日期: 2023-10-08
- 网络出版日期: 2023-10-27
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-15

Composition and architecture design in additive manufacturing of titanium matrix composites

GAO Xiang^{1, 2},
LU Xiaonan^{1, 2},
LI Jianchao²,
WANG Huan²,
PENG Huaxin^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
2.
Institute for Composites Science Innovation (InCSI), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Funds: National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFB3707404); "Leading Goose" Research and Development Program of Zhejiang (2022C01087); National Natural Science Foundation of China (52101184)

摘要

摘要: 增材制造技术作为一种样件快速成型制备技术，为基于成分调控与结构设计的高性能钛基复合材料的开发带来了机遇。本文介绍了增材制造钛基复合材料研究与应用的最新进展，分析了能量密度、打印路径及冷速控制等对材料显微组织与力学性能的影响。在此基础上，介绍了以陶瓷、金属间化合物及稀土元素为主的增材制造钛基复合材料成分调控策略。其中，以TiB、TiC为代表的陶瓷增强相及Ti-Cu体系的金属间化合物为目前钛基复合材料中广泛使用的增强体；以La、Ce和Nd为主的稀土元素则可有效解决氧偏聚问题并显著细化晶粒。进而以网状结构和层状结构为例介绍了增材制造钛基复合材料结构设计研究进展。其中，网状结构多通过Ti与B和C元素的原位反应生成增强相，并通过控制凝固过程实现对增强相非均匀分布的调控；层状结构则多通过交替打印多种粉体获得。网状、层状结构设计对钛基复合材料强韧化有着积极的作用。本文最后通过对研究现状和未来研究趋势的简要分析与展望，为增材制造高性能钛基复合材料的设计与制备提供一定参考。
- 增材制造 /
- 钛基复合材料 /
- 成分调控 /
- 结构设计 /
- 力学性能
Abstract: Additive manufacturing is a rapid prototyping technology offering opportunities to develop high performance composites via composition regulation and architecture design. This brief review presents the latest research progress and application of additive manufactured titanium matrix composites (TMCs). Firstly, the effects of energy density, printing path and cooling rate on the microstructure and mechanical properties are systematically analyzed. Then, the composition regulation strategies pertaining to ceramic reinforcements, intermetallic compounds and rare earth elements are introduced. In general, the ceramic reinforcing phases and the intermetallic compounds play a positive role in tailoring the microstructures and thus mechanical properties of composites. The rare earth elements effectively inhibit oxygen polarization and refine the grains. Furthermore, the research on TMCs with network and laminated structures are presented. The network architecture is mostly generated by the in-situ reaction of Ti with B or C, which is controlled by the solidification process. The laminated structure is achieved via printing multiple powders alternately. Both architectures promote simultaneous strengthening and toughening. Finally, the state of the art and future outlooks are briefly presented to provide a reference for the design and preparation of high-performance TMCs via additive manufacturing.
- additive manufacturing /
- titanium matrix composites /
- composition regulation /
- architecture design /
- mechanical properties

HTML全文

图 1 增材制造(AM)在工业领域的应用：(a) 飞机舱门部件^[11]；(b) Space X 发动机^[12]；(c) 汽车整体叶盘^[13]；(d) 飞机推进系统热交换器^[14]；(e) 人造关节^[15]；(f) 人造牙齿^[16]；(g) 船舶螺旋桨^[18]；(h) 汽车减震部件的拓扑优化^[20]

Figure 1. Additive manufacturing (AM) in industrial applications: (a) Aircraft hatch components^[11]; (b) Space X engine^[12]; (c) Automobile integral blisk^[13]; (d) Heat exchangers for aircraft propulsion systems^[14]; (e) Artificial joint^[15]; (f) Artificial tooth^[16]; (g) Propellers for ship^[18]; (h) Topology optimization of automotive shock absorbing parts^[20]

HE—Heat exchanger

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图 2 AM工艺示意图：(a) 粉床熔合技术^[34]；(b) 直接能量沉积技术^[35]

Figure 2. Process schematic of AM: (a) Powder bed fusion^[34];(b) Direct energy deposition^[35]

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图 3 打印路径及其对材料性能的影响^[43]

Figure 3. Effect of print path on mechanical properties^[43]

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图 4 未预热(I)与预热(II)条件下熔池形貌(a)和材料缺陷(b)^[51]

Figure 4. Melt pool morphology (a) and material defects (b) without (I) and with (II) preheating^[51]

d_p—Melt pool depth; t₁—Layer thickness; d₀—Overlap depth

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图 5 B、C、N、Si 对钛及钛合金的晶粒细化作用

Figure 5. Grain refinement effect of B, C, N and Si elementsin titanium alloys

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图 6 B₄C含量对(TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V复合材料形貌及性能影响^[27]

Figure 6. Effect of B₄C content on the morphology and properties of (TiB+TiC)/Ti6Al4V composites^[27]

σ_u—Ultimate tensile strength

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图 7 Cu元素对钛合金组织性能影响

Figure 7. Effect of Cu addition on morphology and properties of titanium alloy

YS—Yield strength; EBAM—Electron beam additive manufacturing

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图 8 LaB₆、La₂O₃对增材制造钛合金的组织细化作用

Figure 8. Effect of LaB₆ and La₂O₃ on microstructure refinement of additive manufacturing titanium alloys

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图 9 TiB-Ti体系的网状结构

Figure 9. Network structure in TiB-Ti composite system

T^eutectic—Eutectic temperature; T^liquidus—Melting temperature; β^Transus—α/β transformation temperature; β^gb—Eutectic β-Ti; α^gb—α-Ti transformed by β^gb; β^Primary—Primary β-Ti; L^eutectic—Eutectic composition liquid

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图 10 成分工艺对网状结构的影响

Figure 10. Effect of composition and process on network structure

LMD—Laser metal deposition; pri—Primary; eut— Eutectic; L—Liquid

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图 11 数字图像相关技术(DIC)测量全场应变分布^[27]

Figure 11. Full-field strain distribution measured by digital image correlation (DIC) method^[27]

UTS—Ultimate tensile strength

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图 12 蜗牛壳启迪的仿生层状Ti-TiB₂复合材料^{[30, 163]}：(a) 蜗牛壳；(b) 蜗牛壳微观结构；(c) 层状复合材料物相；(d) 层状复合材料形貌；(e) 软相α'-Ti；(f) TiB晶须(TiB_w)在硬层中；(g) 未熔TiB₂颗粒

Figure 12. Snail shell bio-inspired Ti-TiB₂ laminated composite^{[30, 163]}: (a) Snail shell; (b) Micro-structure of snail shell; (c) XRD of laminated composite; (d) Morphology of the composite; (e) α'-Ti soft layer; (f) TiB whiskers (TiB_w) in hard layer; (g) Unmelted TiB₂

PD—Penetration depth

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图 13 Ti6Al4V-(4.5%)316L复合体系非均匀组织及性能^[103]：(a) 类层状结构；(b) 层状结构由α'及β相组成；(c) 全等轴晶形貌；(d) 细小针状α'马氏体；(e) 超细孪晶；(f) 应力-应变曲线

Figure 13. Ti6Al4V-(4.5%)316L composite system inhomogeneous structure and performance^[103]: (a) Lava-like laminated microstructure; (b) Acicular α' martensite and ultrafine β grains with solidification cellular structure; (c) Ultrafine grain structure without columnar grains; (d) Fine acicular α' martensite; (e) Ultrafine twin structure; (f) Stress-strain curves

α'_T—Twin of α'_M

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