Effect and mechanism study of woven density on mechanical behavior of a 2D-SiCf/SiC
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摘要: 编织陶瓷基复合材料逐渐成为提升航空发动机综合性能的热门材料。材料的失效机制分析为材料/结构的性能设计与优化提供着重要的理论与方法支持。本文针对不同编织密度的2D-SiCf/SiC复合材料开展室温拉伸试验，通过对力学行为、损伤演化进行对比分析，研究编织复合材料的力学行为及内在的损伤机制。结果表明：比例极限应力随着横向纤维束编织密度的增加逐渐降低，纵向纤维束编织密度对比例极限应力影响较小；纵向纤维编织密度较小时，拉伸强度较低，随着纵向编织密度的增加，拉伸强度增大并趋于稳定，横向纤维编织密度的增加，对拉伸强度有一定的弱化作用；根据拉伸应力/应变的演化过程，编织SiCf/SiC复合材料的拉伸过程可以划分为4个典型阶段；缝合孔对材料的拉伸强度有一定弱化作用，需要在材料制备、后处理过程中消除缝合孔的不利影响。Abstract: Woven ceramic matrix composites have gradually become a popular material for improving the comprehensive performance of aero-engines. Failure mechanism analysis of materials provides important theoretical and methodological support for material/structure performance design and optimization. In this paper, the tensile tests of 2D-SiCf/SiC composites with different woven densities were carried out at room temperature, and the mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of the woven composites were studied. The results show that: The proportional limit stress decreases gradually with the increase of the transverse fiber bundle woven density, and the longitudinal fiber bundle woven density has little effect on the proportional limit stress. When the density of longitudinal fiber is small, the tensile strength is low. With the increase of longitudinal fiber density, the tensile strength increases and tends to be stable, while the increase of transverse fiber density has a certain weakening effect on the tensile strength. According to the evolution of tensile stress/strain, the tensile process of the woven SiCf/SiC composites can be divided into four typical stages. The stitching hole has a certain weakening effect on the tensile strength of the material, so it is necessary to eliminate the adverse effect of the stitching hole in the material preparation and post-treatment process.
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图 1 2D-SiCf/SiC复合材料拉伸试样型式与尺寸
Figure 1. Type and standard dimension of tensile specimen of2D-SiCf/SiC composite
图 2 SiCf/SiC细观编织纤维束无损检测图像
Figure 2. Non-destructive testing images of SiCf/SiC fiber bundle woven architecture
图 3 SiCf/SiC试样室温拉伸及数字图像相关(DIC)装置示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of SiCf/SiC tension and digital image correlation (DIC) setup at room temperature
图 4 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸模量(a)、比例极限(b)、断裂强度分布(c)(“√”表示断口存在缝合孔)
Figure 4. Tensile modulus (a), proportional limit stress (b) and fracture strength distribution (c) of SiCf/SiC at room temperature ("√" indicates that there is a suture hole on the fracture)
图 5 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸应力-应变曲线
Figure 5. Tensile stress-strain curves of SiCf/SiC at room temperature
图 6 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸应力-应变曲线及DIC应变演化特征
Figure 6. Tensile stress-strain curve of SiCf/SiC and evolution of DIC strain at room temperature
图 7 试样8×4-2拉伸应力/应变-时间曲线及应力-应变曲线
Figure 7. Tensile stress/strain-time curve and stress-strain curve of specimen 8×4-2
图 8 SiCf/SiC试样拉伸阶段Ⅱ、阶段Ⅲ基体损伤演化示意图
Figure 8. Matrix damage evolution diagram of SiCf/SiC specimen at tensile stage II and stage III
图 9 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸断裂破坏：(a) 4b；(b) 6b；(c) 8b(圆圈表示该断口截面存在缝合孔)
Figure 9. SiCf/SiC tensile fracture at room temperature: (a) 4b; (b) 6b; (c) 8b (The circle indicates the presence of suture holes in the section of the fracture)
图 10 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸断口形貌
Figure 10. SiCf/SiC tensile fracture morphology at room temperature
图 11 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸断口形貌局部放大
Figure 11. Enlarged SiCf/SiC fracture morphology at room temperature
表 1 不同编织密度2D-SiC平纹布面密度及SiCf/SiC试样纤维体积分数
Table 1. 2D-SiC plain fabric surface density and fiber volume fraction of SiCf/SiC specimen with different woven densities
0° 90° 4 bundles/cm 6 bundles/cm 8 bundles/cm 4 bundles/cm 114 g/m2 180 g/m2 216 g/m2 6 bundles/cm 180 g/m2 216 g/m2 252 g/m2 8 bundles/cm 216 g/m2 252 g/m2 288 g/m2 4 bundles/cm 17.8vol% 28.1vol% 33.7vol% 6 bundles/cm 28.1vol% 33.7vol% 39.3vol% 8 bundles/cm 33.7vol% 39.3vol% 45.0vol% 
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表 2 SiCf/SiC室温拉伸力学性能汇总
Table 2. Summary of tensile mechanical properties of SiCf/SiC at room temperature
Specimen type Modulus/GPa PLS/MPa Strength/MPa 4×4 249.0 149.4 232.6 4×6 258.4 123.0 228.3 4×8 237.2 97.9 170.4 6×4 273.2 144.9 309.0 6×6 258.6 128.6 307.6 6×8 237.7 111.6 311.4 8×4 249.8 153.3 376.4 8×6 244.2 127.3 302.2 8×8 245.7 112.6 271.5 Notes: a×b, a and b represent the number of fiber bundles per unit length (Unit: bundles/cm); a for longitudinal direction; b for transverse direction; PLS—Proportional limit stress.
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表 3 试样拉伸各阶段应变速率特征及内在机制
Table 3. Strain rate characteristics and internal mechanism of specimens at different tensile stages
Stage Strain-time curve slope Mechanism Stage I Low slope, low deformation rate Under the same tensile displacement increment, the matrix and fiber bundle deform together, the matrix and fiber bundle accumulate strain energy, and the macroscopic strain increment of the specimen is small. Stage II and stage III High slope, high deformation rate Under the same tensile displacement increment, the matrix is damaged, and the matrix gradually releases strain energy (the matrix gradually releases the strain energy generated in stage I and the deformation constraint of the matrix on the fiber bundle), and the deformation of the fiber bundle superimposes the deformation release of the matrix, resulting in a large macroscopic strain increment of the specimen. Stage IV Medium slope, medium deformation rate Under the same tensile displacement increment, the fiber bundle deforms independently, no matrix releases strain energy, and the macroscopic strain increment of the specimen is moderate.
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