Research progress of organic-inorganic composite electrolytes for solid-statelithium batteries
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摘要: 相比于传统液态锂电池，固态锂电池兼具高安全性和高比能量，在学术界和工业界引起了广泛关注。发展具备优异力学性能、高离子电导率和宽电化学窗口的有机-无机复合固态电解质是开发高性能固态锂电池的有效途径之一。近年来，基于聚合物电解质与无机材料的复合型固态电解质成为了研究的热点。基于此，本文回顾了有机-无机复合固态电解质的研究进展，综述了改善固态电解质离子电导率的研究策略，梳理了有机-无机复合固态电解质在固态锂金属电池、固态锂-硫电池和固态锂-空气电池等领域的应用，并对固态锂电池用有机-无机复合固态电解质存在的挑战和未来的发展趋势进行了展望。Abstract: Compared to traditional liquid-state lithium batteries, solid-state lithium batteries have distinct advantages such as high safety and high specific energy, and have attracted widespread attention in both academia and industry. Exploring organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes that combine excellent mechanical properties, high ion conductivity, and large electrochemical windows is a feasible solution to developing high-performance solid-state lithium batteries. In recent years, composite solid-state electrolytes based on polymer electrolytes and inorganic materials have become a hot topic. In this tutorial review, we focus on recent advances in various classes of organic-inorganic composite electrolytes and summarize the state-of-the-art strategies for improving the performance (Especially the ionic conductivity) of solid-state electrolytes. This is followed by detailed discussions on the implementation of composite solid-electrolytes in various energy storage systems, including solid-state lithium-metal batteries, solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries and solid-state lithium-air batteries, and the current challenges and future opportunities of organic-inorganic composite solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries are also provided.
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图 1 (a) 石榴石构型Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)[26]；(b) 聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF)/ Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO)复合固态电解质的结构模型[28]；PVDF-LLZO纳米纤维固态电解质形貌((c), (d))和对称电池测试(e)[29]；三维珊瑚状LLZO-PVDF复合电解质制备示意图(f)及其SEM图像((g), (h))[30]
Figure 1. (a) Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)[26]; (b) Possible complex structures in the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO)[28]; SEM images ((c), (d)) of PVDF-LLTO nanofibers solid-state electrolyte and symmetrical battery test (e)[29]; Schematic illustration (f) for the preparation procedures of the coral-like LLZO/PVDF electrolyte and SEM images ((g), (h))[30]
NFs—Nanofibers; RT—Room temperature
图 2 (a) NASICON构型Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3 (LAGP)[26]；(b) 聚环氧乙烷(PEO)-Li1+xAlxTi2−x(PO4)3 (LATP)的循环稳定测试[40]；(c) PVDF-LATP的电化学窗口测试[42]；(d) 贝壳启发下 LAGP陶瓷-聚合物复合电解质的制备[43]；(e) 冰模板法制备LAGP-PEO复合电解质流程图[44]
Figure 2. (a) NASICON-type Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3 (LAGP)[26]; (b) Cycle stability of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-Li1+xAlxTi2−x(PO4)3 (LATP)[40]; (c) Electrochemical stability windows of PVDF-LATP[42]; (d) Design and fabrication of LAGP ceramic-polymer composite electrolyte[43]; (e) Schematic of preparation process of the ice-templated LAGP-PEO composite electrolyte[44]
图 3 (a)钙钛矿构型LLTO[26]；(b) 纳米线/纳米颗粒-聚合物固态电解质中Li+传导路径对比；(c) PAN-LLTO的Arrhenius曲线[33]
Figure 3. (a) Perovskite-type LLTO[26]; (b) Comparison of possible lithium-ion conduction pathway in nanowire-filled and nanoparticle-filled composite electrolytes; (c) Arrhenius plots of PAN-LLTO[33]
σ—Conductivity; T—Temperature
图 4 PEO-LLTO合成示意图(a)、复合电解质中Li+传导机制(b)、扫描电镜图(c)、Arrhenius曲线(d)[54]
Figure 4. Schematic representation of the synthesis of PEO-LLTO composite electrolytes (a), the possible conduction mechanism in composite electrolytes (b), top view (left) and cross-section (right) SEM images (c) of the composite electrolyte, Arrhenius plots (d)[54]
PVA—Polyvinyl alcohol; GA—Glutaraldehyde
图 5 (a) 硫化物构型Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS)[26]；Arrhenius曲线(b)和充放电曲线(c)[65]；(d) PEO-LGPS原位合成示意图[66]；Li6.25PS5.25Cl0.75晶格(e)和Arrhenius曲线(f)[67]
Figure 5. (a) Sulfide-type Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS)[26]; Arrhenius plots (b) and charge/discharge curves (c) for the ionic conductivities of the composite electrolytes[65]; (d) Schematic illustration of the in-situ synthesis of PEO-LGPS solid electrolyte[66]; Lattice model (e) and Arrhenius curves (f) of sulfide electrolyte Li6.25PS5.25Cl0.75[67]
CTMS—(3-chloropropyl) trimethoxysilane; CPEs—Composite polymer electrolytes; M—Molecular weight
图 6 (a) SiO2纳米颗粒嫁接在PEO主链卡通图[76]；Li+在PEO-Mg2B2O5复合电解质中的迁移示意图(b)和充放电曲线图(c)[77]；(d) 3种填料-聚合物界面几何结构图(上图)和PEO-Al2O3复合电解质合成示意图[78]
Figure 6. (a) Cartoon showing the SiO2 nanoparticles grafted onto the PEO backbone[76]; Schematics of Li+ migration in PEO-Mg2B2O5 composite electrolytes (b) and charge/discharge curves (c)[77]; (d) Schematics of composite solid polymer electrolyte with three types of geometrical structures of ceramic-polymer interface (upper image) and schematics of fabrication procedures of polymer-Al2O3 composite electrolyte(below image)[78]
SPE—Solid polymer electrolytes; AAO—Anodized aluminum oxide
图 8 (a) 固态LiFPO4 (LFP)/LLZO纳米线(PLLN)/Li电池示意图；(b) 熔合前后LFP与PLLN电解质横截面积及Fe元素mapping图；0.5 C/60℃ (c)和0.1 C/45℃ (d)下的循环性能[87]
Figure 8. (a) Schematic illustration of LiFPO4 (LFP)/LLZO nanowire (PLLN)/Li battery; (b) Cross-sectional images of LFP and PLLN electrolyte and the corresponding EDS mapping of Fe before and after the fused; Cycling performances at 0.5 C/60℃ (c) and 0.1 C/45℃ (d)[87]
PL—LiTFSI; PLLM—LLZO microparticles
图 10 全固态Li-S电池示意图(a)及其在0.1 mA·cm–2/50℃时充放电曲线(b)[95]；碳纳米纤维(CNF)/S-PEO/LLTO双层结构设计示意图(c)、不同倍率下充放电曲线(d)和0.1 C/45℃下的循环性能(e)[56]
Figure 10. Schematic illustration (a) of Li-S battery and the corresponding discharge-charge curves at 0.1 mA·cm–2/50℃ (b)[95]; Schematic illustration of the carbon nanofiber (CNF)/S-PEO/LLTO bilayer structure design (c), the discharge-charge curves at various current densities (d), and cycling performance at 0.1 C/45℃ (e)[56]
SE—Solid-state electrolyte
图 11 (a) 锂-空气电池示意图[96]；(b) PEO/LATP复合电解质基锂-空气电池[100]；三维LLZO框架/聚合物制备流程(c)、LLZO颗粒(d)和LLZO/聚合物(e)的SEM图像及Arrhenius曲线(f)[101]
Figure 11. (a) Schematic representation of the Li-air battery[96]; (b) Schematic diagram of the PEO/LATP composite electrolyte based solid-state lithium-air battery[100]; Preparation procedure for the composite polymer electrolyte with 3D LLZO network (c), SEM images of 3D LLZO network grains (d) and PEO-LLZO hybrid electrolyte (e), and Arrhenius curves (f)[101]
表 1 聚合物-石榴石型陶瓷复合电解质性能
Table 1. Performance of polymer-garnet ceramic electrolyte
Composite electrolyte Conductivity/(S·cm−1) Li//Li cells Solid-state cells Ref. PVDF-LLZTO nanoparticles 5.0×10−4 — 140 mA·h·g−1 at 1.2 C; LCO//Li cell [28] PVDF-LLZTO (3D) 1.5×10−4 0.1 mA·cm−2, 200 h 168 mA·h·g−1 at 0.1 C; LFP//Li cell [29] PVDF-LLZTO nanofibers 1.2×10−4 0.5 mA·cm−2, 700 h 213 mA·h·g−1 at 0.2 C; NCA//Li cell [30] PVDF-LLZTO nanoparticles 2.1×10−4 3.0 mA·cm−2, 700 h 141 mA·h·g−1 at 0.1 C; LFP//Li cell [32] PVDF-LLTO nanowires 2.4×10−4 — — [33] Notes: LLTO—Li0.33La0.557TiO3; LCO—LiCoO2; LFP—LiFePO4; NCA—LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2. 
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表 2 聚合物-NASICON型陶瓷复合电解质性能
Table 2. Performance of polymer-NASICON ceramic electrolyte
Composite electrolyte Conductivity/
(S·cm−1)Electrochemical window Ref. PEG-CA/LATP/
LiClO4>10−4 at 60℃ ~5.0 V [37] PVDF-HFP/LAGP/
EMITFSI7.6×10−4 at 25℃ 4.8 V [39] PEO/LATP/LiClO4 1.6×10−4 at 60℃ — [40] LAGP-PEA/LiTFSI 1.3×10−4 at 25℃ — [43] PEO-PEG/LAGP/
LiClO41.7×10−4 at 25℃ — [44] PVDF/LATP/LiTFSI 3.3×10−4 at 20℃ — [45] PEO/LiTFSI+PAN/
LATP6.5×10−4 at 60℃ 4.2 V [46] PEO/LiTFSI+LATP/ PAN/LiTFSI 6.3×10−4 at 60℃ ~5.0 V [47] PEO-SN/LiTFSI+PAN/
LATP/LiTFSI1.3×10−4 at 25℃ 5.0 V [48] PET-PIL/LAGP/
LiTFSI7.8×10−5 at 30℃ 4.55 V [49] PEGDA/LiTFSI+
PAN/LAGP/LiTFSI3.7×10−4 at 25℃ 5.0 V [50] Notes: PEG-CA—Polyethylene glycol-cellulose acetate; HFP—
Hexafluoropropylene; PEO—Polyethylene oxide; PEA—Poly (ether-acrylate); PET—Polyethylene terephthalate; PIL—Polyme
rized ionic liquid; PEGDA—Polyethylene glycol diacrylate; LiTFSI—Lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide; PAN—Polyacrylonitrile; SN—Succinonitrile; EMITFSI—1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium triluoromethanesufonate.
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表 3 聚合物-钙钛矿型陶瓷复合电解质性能
Table 3. Performance of polymer-perovskite ceramic electrolyte
Composite electrolyte Conductivity/
(S·cm−1)Electrochemical window/V Ref. PEO/LLTO/LiTFSI 8.8×10−4 at 25℃ 4.5 [54] PEO/LLTO/LiTFSI 1.8×10−4 at 25℃ 4.5 [55] PEO/LLTO/LiClO4 2.3×10−4 at 60℃ 4.5 [56] PVDF/LLTO/LiTFSI 5.3×10−4 at 60℃ 5.1 [57] PAN/LLTO/LiTFSI 2.2×10−3 at 30℃ 5.1 [58] PEO/LLTO/LiTFSI 1.3×10−2 at 24℃ 3.8 [59] PVDF-HFP/LLTO/
LiTFSI1.2×10−4 at 25℃ 4.7 [60] PVDF/LLTO/LiClO4 5.8×10−4 at 25℃ 5.2 [61]
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