Advances in flexible hydrogel-based polymers with dual functions of strain sensing and electromagnetic shielding
-
摘要: 水凝胶基柔性聚合物材料，因其优异的传感性能、良好的延展性，广泛应用于智能可穿戴应变传感器领域。然而，传感器件在使用过程中，会发生信号干扰，影响设备的正常运转。因此，开发兼具有应变传感和电磁屏蔽双功能的水凝胶材料具有重要意义。本文介绍了水凝胶材料的应变传感及电磁屏蔽机制，分析了微观结构、溶剂种类、导电填料种类和导电网络结构对双功能水凝胶材料性能的影响，并根据目前双功能水凝胶的研究现状，提出了该领域的发展方向和应用前景。Abstract: Hydrogel-based flexible polymer materials have received increasing attention due to their excellent sensing performance and superior ductility with application in smart wearable devices. However, the widespread use of intelligent wireless electronic wearables equipment has also produced severe electrical signals interference and radiation. The electrical signals interference generated by wearable devices significantly affects the performance of apparatuses. Therefore, it is important to develop hydrogel materials with dual functions of strain sensing and electromagnetic shielding. This review begins with presenting on strain sensing and electromagnetic shielding mechanism of hydrogel materials. At the same time, the effects of microstructure, solvent type, conductive filler type and conductive network structure on the properties of bifunctional hydrogel materials are analyzed. Finally, according to the current research status of bifunctional hydrogels, the development direction and application prospect of bifunctional hydrogels are proposed.
-
图 2 水凝胶的电磁屏蔽机制
Figure 2. Electromagnetic shielding mechanism of hydrogel
EMWs—Electrical megawatts
图 3 兼具应变传感和电磁屏蔽双功能的聚合物基水凝胶设计图
Figure 3. Design of polymer-based hydrogel with dual function of strain sensing and electromagnetic shielding
图 4 (a) 还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)复合水凝胶材料的合成示意图；(b) RGO复合水凝胶材料的自愈合能力示意图；(c) 该复合水凝胶的电磁干扰(EMI)屏蔽机制；(d) 不同含量的RGO的EMI SET曲线[29]
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composite hydrogel material; (b) Schematic diagram of the self-healing ability of the RGO composite hydrogel material; (c) Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding mechanism of this composite hydrogel; (d) EMI SET curves for different levels of RGO[29]
PAA—Polyacrylic acid; ACC— Amorphous calcium carbonate ; CS—Chitosan
图 5 (a) 聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚(3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸)(PEDOT:PSS)和5%Fe3O4/PEDOT:PPS/PVA多功能水凝胶的应力-应变曲线；(b) 不同成分水凝胶的EMI屏蔽效果；(c) 不同应变下的归一化电阻变化；(d) 可拉伸应变传感器的响应和恢复时间[18]
Figure 5. (a) Stress-strain curves of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), poly(3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrene sulfonic acid)(PEDOT:PSS) and 5%Fe3O4/PEDOT:PPS/PVA multifunctional hydrogels; (b) EMI shielding effect of hydrogels with different compositions; (c) Normalized resistance variation at different strains; (d) Response and recovery time of stretchable strain sensors[18]
∆R—Relative resistance change; R0—Initial resistance value
图 6 (a) Mxene 有机水凝胶材料的结构示意图；(b) Mxene 有机水凝胶材料的应变传感示意图；(c) Mxene 有机水凝胶的电磁屏蔽性能[34]
Figure 6. (a) Schematic structure of MXene organohydrogel material; (b) Schematic strain sensing of MXene organohydrogel material; (c) Electromagnetic shielding property of MXene organohydrogel[34]
Gly—Glycerol; PAAM—Polyacrylamide; AAM—Acrylamide
图 7 (a) MXene基水凝胶的制备示意图；(b) 水凝胶和气凝胶之间可逆转化示意图；(c) 具有各种含水量的MXene基水凝胶的EMI SE值；(d) 不同拉伸应变下MXene基水凝胶的相对电阻变化[53]
Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of MXene based hydrogels; (b) Schematic diagram of the reversible transformation between hydrogels and aerogels; (c) EMI SE values of MXene based hydrogels with various water contents; (d) Relative resistance change of MXene based hydrogels under different tensile strains[53]
MAX—Ternary layered compounds Ti3AlC2
图 8 (a) PEDOT：PSS厚膜和不同的水凝胶形成图示； (b) 与其他工作相比， EMIM-TFSI和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)掺杂水凝胶的EMI屏蔽效率；(c) 通过PEDOT:PSS水凝胶/EMIM-TFSI应变传感器实时相对电阻变化监测人体手指弯曲活动[42]
Figure 8. (a) Illustration of PEDOT:PSS thick film and different hydrogel formation; (b) EMI shielding efficiency of EMIM-TFSI and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) doped hydrogel compared to other work; (c) Monitoring of human body by PEDOT:PSS hydrogel/EMIM-TFSI strain sensor real time relative resistance change finger flexion activity[42]
IL—ionic liquid
图 9 (a) M-SA/AKP/PAM梯度水凝胶结构的形成；(b) M-SA/AKP/PAM水凝胶材料的传感性能；(c) 不同离子水凝胶的应力应变曲线；(d) 水凝胶材料的电阻值比较[38]
Figure 9. (a) Formation of gradient M-SA/AKP/PAM hydrogel structure; (b) Sensing properties of M-SA/AKP/PAM hydrogel ; (c) Stress-strain curves of different ionic hydrogels; (d) Comparison of the magnitude of resistance values of hydrogel materials[38]
SA—Sodium alginate; AKP—Krill protein; PAM—Polyacrylamide; R—Resistance
图 10 (a) 离子-纤维素/BT水凝胶的结构图；(b) 离子-纤维素/BT水凝胶的耐冻机制示意图；(c) 离子在带有纤维素纤维的分层BT纳米板上移动；(d)离子-纤维素/BT水凝胶和离子-纤维素水凝胶的拉伸变形的应力-应变曲线[65]
Figure 10. (a) Structural diagram of the Ion-CB hydrogel; (b) Schematic diagram of the freezing tolerance mechanism of the Ion-CB hydrogel; (c) Ion movement on a layered BT nanoplate with cellulose fibers; (d) Stress-strain curve of the Ion-CB hydrogel and Ion-C hydrogel for tensile deformation[65]
图 11 (a) 多层复合水凝胶基电子皮肤的应变传感示意图；(b) 多层复合水凝胶基电子皮肤的灵敏度和EMI标准；(c)多层复合水凝胶基 电子皮肤在12000次压力循环前后的EMI SE；(d) 抗电磁辐射柔性电子皮肤的制备[8]
Figure 11. (a) Schematic of strain sensing in multilayer composite hydrogel-based E-skin ; (b) Sensitivity and EMI criteria of multilayer composite hydrogel-based E-skin; (c) EMI SE of multilayer composite hydrogel-based E-skin before and after 12 000 stress cycles; (d) Preparation process of anti-electromagnetic radiation flexible E-skin[8]
TOCN—Nano-crystalline cellulose; S1— Sensitivity in the pressure range of 0–500 Pa; S2—Sensitivity in the pressure range of 500–1500 Pa; AgNWs—silver nanowires; ΔI/I0—Ratio of real-time current change to initial current
图 12 (a) 不同MXene含量的M0.9F3CP-Gly和MF3CP-Gly/P有机水凝胶的电磁屏蔽性能；(b) 有机水凝胶的线性响应特征；(c) 小应变下循环加载-卸载测试下的相对电阻变化；(d) 具有不同MXene含量的有机水凝胶应力-应变曲线[17]
Figure 12. (a) The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the M0.9F3CP-Gly and MF3CP-Gly/P organohydrogels with different MXene contents; (b) Linear response characteristics of organic hydrogels; (c) Relative resistance changes under cyclic loading-unloading tests at small strains; (d) Stress-strain curves of organic hydrogels with different MXene contents[17]
图 13 (a) 离子导电水凝胶的制备示意图；(b) LiCl基水凝胶良好的保水性与抗冻性示意图[17]；(c) PPZE水凝胶的制备示意图；(d) 不同温度下PPZE水凝胶的力学和电学性能[82]
Figure 13. (a) Schematic of the preparation of ion-conductive hydrogels; (b) Schematic of the good water retention and frost resistance of LiCl-based hydrogels [17]; (c) Schematic of the preparation of PPZE hydrogels; (d) Mechanical and electrical properties of PPZE hydrogels at different temperatures [82]
PPZE—PVA/PAM/Zn/EG; AM— Acrylamide; RT—Room temperature; EG—Ethylene glycol
-
[1] ZHANG J W, ZHANG Q, LIU X, et al. Flexible and wearable strain sensors based on conductive hydrogels[J]. Journal of Polymer Science,2022,60(18):2663-2678. doi: 10.1002/pol.20210935 [2] TAVASSOLIZADEH A, ROTT K, MEIER T, et al. Tunnel magnetoresistance sensors with magnetostrictive electrodes: Strain sensors[J]. Sensors,2016,16(11):1902. doi: 10.3390/s16111902 [3] LI W J, GUAN Q W, LI M, et al. Nature-inspired strategies for the synthesis of hydrogel actuators and their applications[J]. Progress in Polymer Science, 2023, 140: 101665. [4] GUAN X, WANG Z Y, ZHAO W Y, et al. Flexible piezoresistive sensors with wide-range pressure measurements based on a graded nest-like architecture[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2020,12(23):26137-26144. [5] SUN X, YAO F L, LI J J. Nanocomposite hydrogel-based strain and pressure sensors: a review[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2020,8(36):18605-18623. doi: 10.1039/D0TA06965E [6] RAHMANI P, SHOJAEI A. A review on the features, performance and potential applications of hydrogel-based wearable strain/pressure sensors[J]. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,2021,298:102553. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102553 [7] SARKAR B, LI X D, QUENNEVILLE E, et al. Lightweight and flexible conducting polymer sponges and hydrogels for electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2021,9(46):16558-16565. doi: 10.1039/D1TC04008A [8] XU H Y, LIU D N, SONG Y H, et al. Ultra-sensitive and flexible electronic skin from nanocellulose/AgNWs hydrogel films with highly transparent, antibacterial and electromagnetic shielding properties [J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2022, 228: 109679. [9] CAO M S, SONG W L, HOU Z L, et al. The effects of temperature and frequency on the dielectric properties, electromagnetic interference shielding and microwave-absorption of short carbon fiber/silica composites[J]. Carbon,2010,48(3):788-796. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.028 [10] WU C J, KIM T, LEE S B, et al. An overview of composite structural engineering for stretchable strain sensors[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2022, 229: 109714. [11] SONG S W, LI H T, LIU P W, et al. Applications of cellulose-based composites and their derivatives for microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2022,287:119347. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119347 [12] LIU Y F, LI Y Q, HUANG P, et al. On the evaluation of the sensitivity coefficient of strain sensors[J]. Advanced Electronic Materials,2018,4(12):1800353. doi: 10.1002/aelm.201800353 [13] 谢倩, 郝雪卉, 赵利民, 等. 磁控溅射镀镍修饰聚乙烯醇纤维膜的电磁屏蔽性能 [J]. 聊城大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 36(3): 50-55,63.XIE Qian, HAO Xuehui, ZHAO Limin, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)fiber film decorated by nickel through magnetron sputtering[J]. Journal of Liaocheng University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 36(3): 50-55,63 (in Chinese). [14] WANASINGHE D, ASLANI F. A review on recent advancement of electromagnetic interference shielding novel metallic materials and processes [J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2019, 176: 107207. [15] ZHAO B, ZHANG X, DENG J, et al. Flexible PEBAX/graphene electromagnetic shielding composite films with a negative pressure effect of resistance for pressure sensors applications[J]. RSC Advances,2020,10(3):1535-1543. doi: 10.1039/C9RA08679J [16] ZHANG Y M, HOU X. Liquid-based materials[J]. National Science Open,2022,1(3):20220035. doi: 10.1360/nso/20220035 [17] HE Y Y, CHEN J X, QIAN Y Y, et al. Organohydrogel based on cellulose-stabilized emulsion for electromagnetic shielding, flame retardant, and strain sensing[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers,2022,298:120132. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120132 [18] HAO M M, WANG Y F, LI L H, et al. Stretchable multifunctional hydrogels for sensing electronics with effective EMI shielding properties[J]. Soft Matter,2021,17(40):9057-9065. doi: 10.1039/D1SM01027A [19] SUI X J, GUO H S, CAI C C, et al. Ionic conductive hydrogels with long-lasting antifreezing, water retention and self-regeneration abilities[J]. Chemi-cal Engineering Journal,2021,419:129478. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129478 [20] WANG Y Q, CHEN P C, ZHOU X J, et al. Highly sensitive zwitterionic hydrogel sensor for motion and pulse detection with water retention, adhesive, antifreezing, and self-healing properties[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2022,14(41):47100-47112. [21] HU N, KARUBE Y, ARAI M, et al. Investigation on sensitivity of a polymer/carbon nanotube composite strain sensor[J]. Carbon,2010,48(3):680-687. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.10.012 [22] PALACIOS J A, GANESAN R. Dynamic response of Carbon-Nanotube-Reinforced-Polymer materials based on multiscale finite element analysis[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering,2019,166:497-508. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.02.039 [23] XIA X D, ZHAO S J, FANG C, et al. Modeling the strain-dependent electrical resistance and strain sensitivity factor of CNT-polymer nanocomposites[J]. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2020, 45(16): 15. [24] ERDEM AKGÜN D. Effecting factors on electrical resistance of conductive paths[J]. Journal of Industrial Textiles,2022,51(2):3004S-3013S. doi: 10.1177/15280837221077704 [25] PENG M Y, QIN F X. Clarification of basic concepts for electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness[J]. Journal of Applied Physics,2021,130(22):225108. doi: 10.1063/5.0075019 [26] YANG W X, SHAO B W, LIU T Y, et al. Robust and mechanically and electrically self-healing hydrogel for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2018,10(9):8245-8257. [27] MA L, HAMIDINEJAD M, WEI L F, et al. Absorption-dominant EMI shielding polymer composite foams: Microstructure and geometry optimization[J]. Materials Today Physics,2023,30:100940. doi: 10.1016/j.mtphys.2022.100940 [28] QIN M, ZHANG L M, WU H J. Dielectric loss mechanism in electromagnetic wave absorbing materials[J]. Advanced Science,2022,9(10):2105553. doi: 10.1002/advs.202105553 [29] LAI D G, CHEN X X, WANG G, et al. Arbitrarily reshaping and instantaneously self-healing graphene composite hydrogel with molecule polarization-enhanced ultrahigh electromagnetic interference shielding performance[J]. Carbon,2022,188:513-522. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.12.047 [30] SONG W L, CAO M S, HOU Z L, et al. High dielectric loss and its monotonic dependence of conducting-dominated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/silica nanocomposite on temperature ranging from 373 to 873 K in X-band[J]. Applied Physics Letters,2009,94(23):233110. doi: 10.1063/1.3152764 [31] HUANG X, WANG L B, SHEN Z H, et al. Super-stretchable and self-healing hydrogel with a three-dimensional silver nanowires network structure for wearable sensor and electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2022,446:137136. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137136 [32] YANG Y F, HAN M R, LIU W, et al. Hydrogel-based composites beyond the porous architectures for electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. Nano Research,2022,15(10):9614-9630. doi: 10.1007/s12274-022-4817-1 [33] SONG W L, ZHANG Y J, ZHANG K L, et al. Ionic conductive gels for optically manipulatable microwave stealth structures[J]. Advanced Science,2020,7(2):1902162. doi: 10.1002/advs.201902162 [34] YU Y H, YI P, XU W B, et al. Environmentally tough and stretchable MXene organohydrogel with exceptionally enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding performances[J]. Nano-Micro Letters,2022,14(1):77. [35] ZHANG Y L, GU J W. A perspective for developing polymer-based electromagnetic interference shielding composites[J]. Nano-Micro Letters,2022,14(1):89. [36] THONIYOT P, TAN M J, KARIM A A, et al. Nanoparticle-hydrogel composites: concept, design, and applications of these promising, multi-functional materials[J]. Advanced Science,2015,2(1-2):1400010. doi: 10.1002/advs.201400010 [37] WANG L R, XU T L, ZHANG X J. Multifunctional conductive hydrogel-based flexible wearable sensors[J]. Trends in Analytical Chemistry,2021,134:116130. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116130 [38] SONG X C, GUO J, LIU Y F, et al. Preparation and characterization of multi-network hydrogels based on sodium alginate/krill protein/polyacrylamide–Strength, shape memory, conductivity and biocompatibility[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2022,207:140-151. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.015 [39] HU W K, WANG Z J, XIAO Y, et al. Advances in crosslinking strategies of biomedical hydrogels[J]. Biomaterials Science,2019,7(3):843-855. doi: 10.1039/C8BM01246F [40] SEPULVEDA-MEDINA P I, WANG C, LI R, et al. Influence of the nature of aliphatic hydrophobic physical crosslinks on water crystallization in copolymer hydrogels[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry B,2022,126(29):5544-5554. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02438 [41] FU W X, ZHAO B. Thermoreversible physically crosslinked hydrogels from UCST-type thermosensitive ABA linear triblock copolymers[J]. Polymer Chemistry,2016,7(45):6980-6991. doi: 10.1039/C6PY01517D [42] WANG J, LI Q, LI K C, et al. Ultra-high electrical conductivity in filler-free polymeric hydrogels toward thermoelectrics and electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. Advanced Materials,2022,34(12):2109904. doi: 10.1002/adma.202109904 [43] ZENG Z H, WANG C X, SIQUEIRA G, et al. Nanocellulose-MXene biomimetic aerogels with orientation-tunable electromagnetic interference shielding performance[J]. Advanced Science,2020,7(15):2000979. doi: 10.1002/advs.202000979 [44] YANG C H, WANG M X, HAIDER H, et al. Strengthening alginate/polyacrylamide hydrogels using various multivalent cations[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2013,5(21):10418-10422. [45] MA G S, XIA L, YANG H, et al. Multifunctional lithium aluminosilicate/CNT composite for gas filtration and electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,418:129429. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.129429 [46] LAN D, GAO Z G, ZHAO Z H, et al. Double-shell hollow glass microspheres@Co2SiO4 for lightweight and efficient electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,408:127313. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127313 [47] XU D M, YANG Y F, LYU L F, et al. One-dimensional MnO@N-doped carbon nanotubes as robust dielectric loss electromagnetic wave absorbers[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2021,410:128295. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.128295 [48] ERCEG T, CAKIĆ S, CVETINOV M, et al. The properties of conventionally and microwave synthesized poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogels[J]. Polymer Bulletin,2020,77(4):2089-2110. DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02840-w. [49] ZHANG J, CHEN B Y, CHEN X Y, et al. Liquid-based adaptive structural materials[J]. Advanced Materials,2021,33(50):2005664. doi: 10.1002/adma.202005664 [50] ZHU Y Y, LIU J, GUO T, et al. Multifunctional Ti3C2Tx MXene composite hydrogels with strain sensitivity toward absorption-dominated electromagnetic-interference shielding[J]. ACS Nano,2021,15(1):1465-1474. [51] WANG X Y, GUO C X, PI M H, et al. Significant roles of ions in enhancing and functionalizing anisotropic hydrogels[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2022,14(45):51318-51328. [52] ZHOU X Y, ZHAO F, GUO Y H, et al. Architecting highly hydratable polymer networks to tune the water state for solar water purification[J]. Science Advances,2019,5(6):eaaw5484. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5484 [53] YANG Y F, WU N, LI B, et al. Biomimetic porous MXene sediment-based hydrogel for high-performance and multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding[J]. ACS Nano,2022,16(9):15042-15052. [54] YUK H, LU B Y, ZHAO X H. Hydrogel bioelectronics[J]. Chemical Society Reviews,2019,48(6):1642-1667. doi: 10.1039/C8CS00595H [55] LIU J, ZHU Z Y, ZHOU W Q, et al. Flexible metal-free hybrid hydrogel thermoelectric fibers[J]. Journal of Materials Science,2020,55(19):8376-8387. doi: 10.1007/s10853-020-04382-3 [56] WEI Y, XIANG L J, OU H J, et al. MXene-based conductive organohydrogels with long-term environmental stability and multifunctionality[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2020,30(48):2005135. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202005135 [57] CHAUBE H A, RANA V A, HUDGE P, et al. Dielectric relaxation studies of binary mixture of diethylene glycol mono phenyl ether and methanol by time domain reflectometry[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids,2015,211:346-352. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.07.020 [58] ZHAO Z H, ZHANG L M, WU H J. Hydro/organo/ionogels: "controllable" electromagnetic wave absorbers[J]. Advanced Materials,2022,34(43):2205376. doi: 10.1002/adma.202205376 [59] GUISEPPI-ELIE A. Electroconductive hydrogels: Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications[J]. Biomaterials,2010,31(10):2701-2716. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.12.052 [60] LI G, LI C L, LI G D, et al. Development of conductive hydrogels for fabricating flexible strain sensors[J]. Small,2022,18(5):2101518. doi: 10.1002/smll.202101518 [61] ZHOU C X, YUAN S W, DAI T W, et al. Environment-adaptable PAM/PVA semi-IPN hydrogels reinforced by GO for high electromagnetic shielding performance[J]. Polymer,2022,253:125028. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125028 [62] TANG L, WU S, QU J, et al. A review of conductive hydrogel used in flexible strain sensor[J]. Materials,2020,13(18):3947. doi: 10.3390/ma13183947 [63] RAO A, VÁSQUEZ-QUITRAL P, FERNÁNDEZ M S, et al. pH-dependent schemes of calcium carbonate formation in the presence of alginates[J]. Crystal Growth & Design,2016,16(3):1349-1359. DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01488. [64] SEKINE Y, IKEDA-FUKAZAWA T. Structural changes of water in a hydrogel during dehydration[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics,2009,130(3):034501. doi: 10.1063/1.3058616 [65] WANG S H, YU L, WANG S S, et al. Strong, tough, ionic conductive, and freezing-tolerant all-natural hydrogel enabled by cellulose-bentonite coordination interactions[J]. Nature Communications,2022,13(1):3408. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-30224-8 [66] GAO Y, WANG Y R, XIA S, et al. An environment-stable hydrogel with skin-matchable performance for human-machine interface[J]. Science China Materials,2021,64(9):2313-2324. doi: 10.1007/s40843-020-1624-y [67] LEE C J, WU H Y, HU Y, et al. Ionic conductivity of polyelectrolyte hydrogels[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2018,10(6):5845-5852. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15934. [68] GUO Y H, BAE J, FANG Z W, et al. Hydrogels and hydrogel-derived materials for energy and water sustainability[J]. Chemical Reviews,2020,120(15):7642-7707. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00345 [69] DAUTZENBERG H. Polyelectrolyte complex formation in highly aggregating systems. 1. Effect of salt: Polyelectrolyte complex formation in the presence of NaCl[J]. Macromolecules,1997,30(25):7810-7815. doi: 10.1021/ma970803f [70] DING Y, TANG H Q, ZHANG C H, et al. High-throughput screening of self-healable polysulfobetaine hydrogels and their applications in flexible electronics[J]. Advanced Functional Materials,2021,31(18):2100489. doi: 10.1002/adfm.202100489 [71] HOU P F, YANG K X, NI K K, et al. An ultrathin flexible electronic device based on the tunneling effect: a flexible ferroelectric tunnel junction[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C,2018,6(19):5193-5198. doi: 10.1039/C8TC00500A [72] XU C, ZI Y L, WANG A C, et al. On the electron-transfer mechanism in the contact-electrification effect[J]. Advanced Materials,2018,30(15):1706790. doi: 10.1002/adma.201706790 [73] GUAN Q F, HAN Z M, YANG K P, et al. Sustainable double-network structural materials for electromagnetic shielding[J]. Nano Letters,2021,21(6):2532-2537. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05081 [74] YAN X, HUANG X X, ZHONG B, et al. Balancing interface polarization strategy for enhancing electromagnetic wave absorption of carbon materials[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2020,391:123539. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123539 [75] MAO Q, YANG L, GENG X M, et al. Interface strain induced hydrophobic facet suppression in cellulose nanocomposite embedded with highly oxidized monolayer graphene oxide[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces,2017,4(23):1700995. doi: 10.1002/admi.201700995 [76] MALAKI M, MALEKI A, VARMA R S. MXenes and ultrasonication[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2019,7(18):10843-10857. doi: 10.1039/C9TA01850F [77] ZHOU C, ZHAO X H, XIONG Y S, et al. A review of etching methods of MXene and applications of MXene conductive hydrogels[J]. European Polymer Journal,2022,167:111063. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111063 [78] WANG Q H, PAN X F, WANG X P, et al. Fabrication strategies and application fields of novel 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene) composite hydrogels: A mini-review[J]. Ceramics International,2021,47(4):4398-4403. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.10.096 [79] LU B Y, YUK H, LIN S T, et al. Pure PEDOT: PSS hydrogels[J]. Nature Communications,2019,10(1):1043. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09003-5 [80] LIU Y, ZHANG Z, YANG X, et al. A stretchable, environmentally stable, and mechanically robust nanocomposite polyurethane organohydrogel with anti-freezing, anti-dehydration, and electromagnetic shielding properties for strain sensors and magnetic actuators[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2023,11(12):6603-6614. doi: 10.1039/D2TA09205K [81] JIAN Y K, WU B Y, LE X X, et al. Antifreezing and stretchable organohydrogels as soft actuators[J]. Research,2019,2019:2384347. [82] PENG W, HAN L, GAO Y, et al. Flexible organohydrogel ionic skin with ultra-low temperature freezing resistance and ultra-durable moisture retention[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2022, 608(Pt 1): 396-404 -
下载:
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 691
- HTML全文浏览量: 308
- PDF下载量: 49
- 被引次数: 0
