Recent advances in bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces for biomedical applications
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摘要: 仿生超疏水表面已被广泛应用于健康、环境和能源等重大领域。首先，结合超疏水经典浸润理论，简要回顾了其仿生设计和制备技术。其次，超疏水表面存在高度疏水/憎血、生物/血液相容、抗血凝/血栓、表面抑菌、低生物黏附等显著的生物学效应，在生物医学领域引起了广泛的关注。本文重点综述了近年来超疏水表面在伤口愈合(止血敷料)、抗凝抗血栓(血液接触类医疗器械)、表面抗菌、药物释放、运动监测、生物芯片、镁合金防腐、生物医学检测等代表性领域的应用进展。最后，结合自身研究经验，展望分析了仿生超疏水表面在实际生物医学应用中尚存在的瓶颈，主要涉及机械耐久性、化学腐蚀性、生物污染性、界面构建技术和生物医学应用等方面。因此，聚焦实际功能和性能，超疏水表面最终将从概念设计走向工业应用。Abstract: Biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces have been widely used in critical areas such as healthcare, environment, and energy. First, this work briefly reviewed bioinspired design and preparation technology, which combined with theoretical basis on superhydrophobicity. Second, due to the significant biological effects for high water/blood-repellency, biological/blood compatibility, anticoagulation/thrombosis, anti-bacteria, low bio-adhesion, etc., superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted much attention in biomedical applications. The present work mainly focused on summarizing representative applications of bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces in wound healing (hemostatic dressings), anti-coagulation/anti-thrombotic (blood-contact medical devices), antibacterial surfaces, drug release, motion monitoring, biochips, anticorrosion of magnesium alloy, biomedical detection and so on in recent years. Finally, combining with our own research experience, we deeply analyzed the existing issues and challenges of bioinspired superhydrophobic surfaces in practical biomedical applications, mainly involving mechanical durability, chemical corrosion, biofouling, interfacial construction, and biomedical applications. Therefore, focusing on practical functions and high performance, conceptual design of superhydrophobic surfaces will be moved toward industrial applications.
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图 2 基于碳纳米纤维(CNF)的快速止血和易剥离性超疏水止血敷料[42]：(a) 滚落模式下形成的纤维蛋白束；(b) 接触分离模式下形成的纤维蛋白束；(c) 超疏水致密空气层和血凝界面示意图；(d) 基于CNF清除的血凝块剥离示意图
Figure 2. Carbon nanofiber (CNF)-based superhydrophobic hemostatic dressing with rapid hemostasis and easy stripping[42]: (a) Fibrin bundles formed in tumbling mode; (b) Fibrin bundles formed in contact separation mode; (c) Schematic diagram of superhydrophobic dense air layer and hemagglutination interface; (d) Schematic diagram of blood clot stripping based on CNF scavenging
图 5 基于超疏水表面的药物释放系统：(a) 超疏水表面的药物洗脱机制[13]；(b) 以超声处理触发的药物释放[57]；(c) 超疏水多层结构材料的机械响应药物释放[59]
Figure 5. Drug delivery system based on superhydrophobic materials: (a) Drug elution mechanism of superhydrophobic materials [13]; (b) Drug release triggered by ultrasound treatment[57]; (c) Drug release in mechanical response of superhydrophobic multilayered structural materials[59]
θ—Contact angle
图 9 用于汗液采样和成分检测的超浸润贴片[97]：(a) 基于超浸润界面的汗液成分检测示意图；(b) 横截面及检测原理示意图
Figure 9. Superwettable bands for sweat sampling and composition detection[97]: ( a) Schematic diagram of sweat composition detection based on the superwetted interface; (b) Schematic diagram of cross section and detection principle
R—Red; G—Green; B—Blue
表 1 代表性超疏水柔性应变传感器的材料组成及传感性能对比
Table 1. Comparison of material composition and sensing properties of representative superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors
Materials Substrate Contact angle Stretchability Gauge factor Ref. MWCNTs Silicone rubber 154.5° 447% 2.1-214 [64] rGO/PDMS Acrylic tape 157.7° 400% 1.84-1199 [63] OCA/Ag NPs Rubber band 152.6° 5%-120% 3.4-61.8 [65] SiO2/MWCNTs Paper 164° — 263.34 [66] MWCNTs PDMS 162° 200% 11.41-22.64 [67] PDA/rGO/PFDT Polyurethane 153.3° 590% 221 [14] Ag NWs/PDMS Polyurethane 153.04° 38%-100% 1.36×105 [68] rGO/PDMS Acrylic tape 155° 300% 1.67×105 [69] Ag NPs/PDMS Rubber 155° 900% 3.6×108 [28] PDA/Ag NPs Rubber 160° 1000% 108 [70] Notes: MWCNTs—Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; rGO—Reduced graphene oxide; PDMS—Polydimethylsiloxane; OCA—Octadecanoic acid; PDA—Polydopamine; PFDT—1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorodecane-thiol. 
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