Construction strategy of metal-organic frameworks derived single-atom catalysts and their application in hydrogen production
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摘要: 与传统纳米催化剂相比，单原子催化剂(SACs)具有独特的结构、高活性和最大程度的原子利用率等特点，使SACs成为当前催化领域的研究热点。金属有机框架(Metal-organic frameworks，MOFs)中的金属离子节点是原子分散的、配位环境明确，且结构可调，是构筑单原子催化剂的理想前驱物。近年来，大量研究报道了通过热解MOFs制得性能优异的SACs。本文介绍了通过热解MOFs构建SACs的5种主要策略，包括直接热解MOFs策略、混合金属策略、混合配体策略、空间限域策略和其他策略及由热解MOFs制得的SACs在电解水、光解水和催化储氢小分子制氢中的应用。最后，指出了未来使用MOFs衍生物构建SACs的发展方向。Abstract: Compared to traditional nanocatalysts, single-atom catalysts (SACs) with advantages of unique structure, remarkable performance and maximum atom utilization efficiency have emerged as a new research focus in catalysis field. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is recognized as one of ideal precursors for constructing SACs, due to the unique features of MOFs including atomically dispersed of metal ion nodes, clear coordination environment and tailorable structure. Recently, a large number of studies reported SACs with excellent performance derived from pyrolysis of MOFs. In this review, five major construction strategies of MOFs-derived SACs, including direct pyrolysis of MOFs, mixed-metal strategy, mixed-ligand strategy, spatial confinement strategy and other strategies, as well as the application of these SACs for hydrogen evolution through electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and hydrogen storage small molecule catalysis are summarized. Finally, the future development directions of MOFs-derived SACs are pointed out.
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Key words:
- metal-organic frameworks /
- pyrolysis /
- single-atom catalysts /
- hydrogen production /
- review
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图 2 ((a), (b)) 有/无表面活性剂构筑Co单原子催化剂(SACs)示意图；((c), (d)) Co-N-C、Co-N-C@F127的HAADF-STEM图像和STEM-EDS图谱[38]；(e) 酚醛树脂辅助MOFs构筑Co SACs示意图[39]
Figure 2. ((a), (b)) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Co single-atom catalysts (SACs) without/with surfactant; ((c), (d)) HAADF-STEM and STEM-EDS images of Co-N-C and Co-N-C@F127[38]; (e) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Co SACs through phenolic resin-assisted[39]
图 3 (a) 以ZnCo双金属ZIFs为前驱物构筑Co SCAs流程示意图；((b), (c)) Co SAs/N-C(900)的HAADF-STEM图像[45]；(d) Co-Nx(x=2, 3和4)的X射线吸收精细结构光谱(EXAFS)和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)图谱[46]
Figure 3. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Co SCAs; ((b), (c)) HAADF-STEM images of Co SAs/N-C(900)[45]; (d) X-ray absorptionfine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of Co atoms in Co-Nx (x=2, 3, 4)[46]
NPs—Nano particles
图 4 (a) 负压热解双金属前驱物构筑Co单原子催化剂流程示意图；(b) 形成三维石墨烯框架结构的Co单原子催化剂(Co SAs/3D GFs)的TEM图像；(c) MN4 (M=Co, Zn)与应变的示意图及MN4中单原子的形成能与应变计算结果；(d) Co SAs/3D GFs形成过程示意图[47]
Figure 4. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Co SCAs through pyrolysis ZnCo-ZIFs under negative pressure; (b) In-situ TEM images of Co monatomic catalyst with 3D graphene frame structure (Co SAs/3D GFs) during pyrolysis; (c) Schematic illustration of MN4 (M=Co, Zn) with strain and the calculated dependence of the formation energy of catalyst on the biaxial strain in MN4; (d) Mechanism illustration of the formation of Co SAs/3D GFs[47]
ΔP—Dfferential pressure (inside vs. outside); P1—Pressure inside; P2—pressure outside
图 5 (a) ZIF-8掺杂Fe构筑Fe SCAs流程示意图；(b) 不同尺寸大小前驱物的SEM图像[49]；(c) 酸辅助水系体系合成Mn SCAs流程示意图[51]
Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Fe SCAs through Fe doping with ZIF-8; (b) SEM images of precursors in different sizes[49]; (c) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Mn SCAs in acid-assisted aqueous solution system[51]
图 6 混合配体策略构筑Fe SACs[53](a) 和Ru SACs (b) 流程示意图[54]；((c)~(h)) Ru单原子、Ru簇催化剂的TEM和HAADF-STEM图像[54]
Figure 6. Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Fe SACs[53] (a) and Ru SACs[54] (b) through mixed-ligand strategy; ((c)-(h)) TEM and magnified HAADF-STEM images of Ru SACs and Ru nanoclusters[54]
Fe20—Molar percentage of Fe-TCPP is 20%; FeSA—Single-atom Fe; PCN-222—MOF-545; dFe-Fe—Distance of adjacent Fe-TCPP ligands
图 8 (a) Pd纳米粒子演变成Pd单原子过程示意图及各阶段HAADF-STEM图像；(b) 从Pd10团簇转变为Pd-N4的DFT[60]
Figure 8. Schematic illustration of the transformation of nanoparticles to single atoms and HAADF-STEM images of each stage; (b) Calculated energies along the stretching pathway of the Pd atom from the Pd10 cluster to Pd-N4[60]
ΔG—Difference Gibbs free energy beteween initial state and final state; Ea—Reaction energy and barrier; Ts—Transition states; CI-NEB—Climbing image nudged elastic band
图 9 结构多样性的MOFs构筑单原子催化剂设计思路
Figure 9. Design of MOFs-derived SACs through MOFs with structural diversity
图 10 不同热解MOFs构筑单原子催化剂策略的优缺点对比
Figure 10. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of different SACs synthetic strategies through pyrolysis MOFs
图 11 (a) 混合金属策略构筑W-SAC流程示意图；(b) 催化剂上吸附氢的吉布斯自由能∆GH*；(c) W-SAC的态密度[75]
Figure 11. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of W-SAC through mixed-metal strategy; (b) Gibbs free energy ΔGH* of hydrogen adsorption on catalysts; (c) A slice section of differential charge density paralleled to xγ plane for W-SAC[75]
图 12 (a) 钴单原子/原位磷(Co-SA/P-in situ)催化剂制备流程示意图；(b) Co-SA/P-in situ催化剂的析氢反应(HER)机制；(c) 不同电压下Co的平均氧化态值；(d) 催化剂上吸附氢的∆GH*；(e) HER过程中Co1P1N3电荷分布图[77]
Figure 12. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of cobalt single-atom/phosphorus-in situ (Co-SA/P-in situ); (b) Proposed hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) mechanism of Co-SA/P-in situ; (c) Average oxidation states of Co at different potentials; (d) ∆GH* of H adsorption on the surface of catalysts; (e) Charge transfer of Co1P1N3 configuration[77]
PPh3—Triphenylphosphine
图 13 (a) Ru单原子催化剂制备流程示意图；(b) 光催化制氢性能曲线；(c) 催化剂EPR图谱；(d) 催化剂PL图谱；(e) 催化剂瞬态光电流图谱[81]
Figure 13. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Ru SACs; (b) Hydrogen production performance curves; (c) EPR spectra of catalysts; (d) PL spectra of catalysts; (e) Photocurrent response of catalysts[81]
Ov—Oxygen vacancy; g—g value; TC—TiO2/C; H2BDC-NH2—2-aminoterephthalic acid
图 14 (a) Co-N-C(SACs)和Co-N-C(NPs)制备流程示意图；(b) 催化甲酸制氢性能；((c), (d)) Co-N-C的EXAFS图谱[91]
Figure 14. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic process of Co-N-C (SACs) and Co-N-C (NPs); (b) Hydrogen production performance over catalysts; ((c), (d)) EXAFS spectra of Co-N-C[91]
FT—Fourier transform; R—Bond distance; k—K-edge
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