Quantitative characterization of low-velocity impact damage in three dimensional five- directional braided composites
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摘要: 低速冲击损伤区域的可视化和量化表征对提高三维编织复合材料构件可靠性和承载效率极具意义。以三维五向编织复合材料为研究对象，使用落锤冲击仪对20°和40°编织试样开展了100 J低速冲击试验。在此基础上，利用Micro-CT对内部损伤区域进行了图像采集，并建立了基于阈值的整体损伤自动提取方法。之后，沿面内两个方向将损伤分别分割8部分获取了各截面的正面凹坑深度、背面凸起高度、损伤扩展长度、损伤面积和损伤体积等数据，并进行了三维统计分析。结果表明，损伤沿着冲击中心向四周拓展并呈现对称性，主要损伤分布依次是纤维损伤、基体损伤和界面脱粘。同时，20°编织试样比40°编织试样损伤更严重，且沿着轴纱方向，两种编织角试样的损伤扩展值更大。其中， 20°样品轴向损伤扩展长度和损伤堆叠面积分别可达50.481 mm和437.039 mm2，均远超过对应横向的23.582 mm和104.004 mm2。
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关键词:
- 三维编织结构 /
- 碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料 /
- 低速冲击 /
- 损伤演化 /
- Micro-CT
Abstract: The visualization and quantification of low-velocity impact damage are significant for improving the reliability and load-bearing efficiency of 3D braided composites. The 100 J low-velocity impact tests were carried out on 20° and 40° braided samples with a drop hammer impact instrument. Micro-CT was used to acquire images of the internal damage based on a threshold-based automatic extraction method. Afterwards, the damage was divided into 8 parts along two directions to obtain the data of front pit depth, back bulge height, damage extension length, damage area and volume of each section. The results show that the main damages, such as fiber damage, matrix crack and interfacial debonding spread around the impact center symmetrically. Meanwhile, the damage of the 20°sample is more serious than that of the 40°sample, and the damage expansion is larger along the axial yarn direction. Among them, the axial damage extension length and damage stacking area of the 20°sample can reach 50.481 mm and 437.039 mm2, respectively, which are far greater than the corresponding lateral values of 23.582 mm and 104.004 mm2. -
图 1 三维五向编织复合材料低速冲击测试与损伤量化：(a) 测试装置与样品结构；(b) 基于Micro-CT的损伤表征；(c) 损伤区域量化流程
Figure 1. Low-velocity impact test and damage quantification of 3 D5 D braided composites: (a) Test setup and sample structure; (b) Damage characterization based on Micro-CT; (c) Quantification process of damage area
α—Braided angle
图 2 三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料低速冲击响应曲线：(a) 载荷-位移曲线；(b) 载荷-能量-时间曲线；(c) 响应特征值；(d) 能量吸收与反弹
Figure 2. 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites low-velocity impact response curves: (a) Load-displacement curves; (b) Load-energy-time curves; (c) Response eigenvalues; (d) Energy absorption and rebound
Tf, Td, Tt—Time to reach the max force, displacement, and the total time in the low-velocity impact process; Fmax—Peak load; Df, Dmax, De—Displacement to reach the peak load, the max displacement and the finallisplacement in the end; Ea, Ea%, Ee, Ee%—Kinetic energy of the rebound, the energy rebound rates, the absorbedenergy, the energy absorption rates; A20—Braided angle is 20°; A40—Braided angle is 40°
图 3 基于Micro-CT沿X、Y方向3D五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料的内部损伤形貌
Figure 3. Internal damage morphology in 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites along the directions of X and Y based on Micro-CT
图 4 X视角下三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料低速冲击损伤一维扩展数据曲线：(a) 20°样品；(b) 40°样品
Figure 4. One-dimensional extended data curves of low-velocity impact damage for 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites in the direction of X: (a) 20° sample; (b) 40°sample
图 5 三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料在Y方向的低速冲击损伤一维扩展数据曲线：(a) 20°试样；(b) 40°试样
Figure 5. One-dimensional extended data curves of low-velocity impact damage for 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites in the direction of Y: (a) 20° sample; (b) 40° sample
图 6 三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料速冲击损伤二维扩展数据分布图：(a) 各区域损伤面积分布图；(b) 各区域损伤面积堆叠图
Figure 6. Two-dimensional extended data curves of low-velocity impact damage for 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites: (a) Damage area distribution map of each region; (b) Damage area stacking diagram of each region
图 7 三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料低速冲击损伤三维扩展数据分布图：(a) 各区域损伤体积分布图；(b) 各区域损伤体积堆叠图
Figure 7. Two-dimensional extended data curves of low-velocity impact damage for 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites: (a) Damage volume distribution map of each region; (b) Damage volume stacking diagram of each region
图 8 三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料低速冲击损伤演化机制
Figure 8. Damage evolution mechanism of 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/epoxy resin matrix composites at low-velocity impact
表 1 三维五向编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料低速冲击各特征值变异系数
Table 1. Coefficient of variance of characteristic values in 3D 5D braided carbon fiber/ epoxy resin matrix composites under the low-velocity impact
Sample Cv f% Cv d% Cv t% Cv F% Cv p% Cv D% Cv e% Cv k% Cv a% A20 0.072 1.568 0.036 2.964 1.023 1.173 3.710 0.386 2.441 A40 2.200 3.535 3.169 0.709 2.034 0.953 4.237 3.852 2.182 Notes: A20, A40—Samples with the braided angles of 20° and 40°; Cv f%, Cv d%, Cv t%—Coefficient of variance of the time to reach the max force, displacement, and the total time in the low-velocity impact process; Cv F%—Coefficient of variance of the peak load; Cv p%, Cv D%, Cv e%—Coefficient of variance of the displacement to reach the peak load, the max displacement and the final displacement in the end; Cv k%, Cv a%—Coefficient of variance of the rebound kinetic energy, the absorbed energy. 
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