Research progress of organic-inorganic composite electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium batteries
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摘要: 目前锂离子电池由于使用液态电解液面临着诸多问题，如工作温度范围窄、热稳定性差、容易泄露和生成锂枝晶等。发展全固态锂电池是提升电池能量密度和安全性的可行途径之一，而作为锂电池材料研究热点的有机-无机复合固态电解质，由于其兼具有机物和无机物的优点，有望运用于下一代全固态锂电池之中。本文首先概述了固态电解质的种类及传导机制，而后详细阐述了有机-无机复合固态电解质中聚合物基质和锂盐的选择以及不同维度无机填料对电解质性能尤其是力学性能的影响，最后提出了有机-无机复合固态电解质的研究总结与展望。Abstract: At present, lithium-ion batteries face many problems due to the use of liquid electrolytes, such as narrow operating temperature range, poor thermal stability, easy leakage, and formation of lithium dendrites. The development of all-solid-state lithium batteries is one of the feasible ways to improve the energy density and safety of batteries. In this paper, the types and conduction mechanisms of solid electrolytes are firstly summarized, and then the selection of polymer matrix and lithium salt in organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes and the effects of inorganic fillers of different dimensions on electrolyte properties, especially mechanical properties, are described in detail. Finally, the research summary and prospect of organic-inorganic composite solid electrolytes are presented.
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Key words:
- composite solid electrolyte /
- mechanical properties /
- inorganic fillers /
- polymer matrix /
- lithium salts
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图 1 锂电池分类示意图(根据电解质中液体含量分为3类)
Figure 1. Lithium-ion battery classification diagram (There are three categories according to the liquid content of the electrolyte)
图 3 (a) Li+在聚合物固态电解质非晶区的传导[34]；(b) Li+在聚合物固态电解质结晶区的传导(O代表络合位点，Mn+代表碱金属阳离子，Xn−代表阴离子)[34]；(c) 聚环氧化乙烯(PEO)固态电解质中Li+传导机制[35]
Figure 3. (a) Li+ conduction in the amorphous region of the polymer solid electrolyte[34]; (b) Li+ conduction in the crystalline region of the polymer solid electrolyte (O represents complexation site, Mn+ represents alkali metal cation, Xn− represents anion)[34]; (c) Li+ conduction mechanism in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solid electrolyte[35]
SPE—Solid polymer electrolyte
图 6 (a) 多孔乙烯基功能化硅(p-V-SiO2)/PEO交联复合聚合物电解质(CPE)合成流程图[82]；(b) 不同p-V-SiO2(或p-SiO2)质量比的CPE应力-应变曲线[82]；(c) 介孔SiO2纳米颗粒(MSNs)/聚碳酸丙烯脂(PPC)复合固态聚合物电解质制备合成图[83]；(d) 不添加MSNs的聚合物固态电解质(SPE0)、含有4wt% MSNs复合固态聚合物电解质(CSPE4)在60℃时的应力-应变曲线[83]；(e) 以SiO2空心纳米球颗粒为填料的复合固态电解质(SiSE)抑制Li枝晶生长的机制图[84]；(f) Li/液态电解质/Li和Li/SiSE/Li对称电池在0.5 mA·cm−2电流密度下的恒电流充放电循环曲线[84]
Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram of the synthetic route of porous vinyl-functionalized silicon (p-V-SiO2)/PEO cross-linked composite polymer electrolyte (CPE)[82]; (b) Stress-strain curves of CPEs with different mass ratios of p-V-SiO2 (or p-SiO2)[82]; (c) Synthesis diagram of mesoporous SiO2 nanoparticles (MSNs)/poly(propylene carbonate)(PPC) composite solid polymer electrolyte[83]; (d) Stress-strain curves of polymer solid electrolyte without adding MSNs (SPE0), and composite solid polymer electrolyte containing 4wt% MSNs (CSPE4) at 60℃[83]; (e) Mechanism of composite solid electrolyte with SiO2 hollow nanoparticles as filler (SiSE) as a solid electrolyte for inhibiting Li dendrite growth[84]; (f) Galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling curves of Li/liquid electrolyte/Li and Li/SiSE/Li symmetric cells at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm−2[84]
CTAB—Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; PEGDA—Poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate; AN—Acetonitrile; SEI—Solid electrolyte interphase
图 7 (a) 混合固态电解质(HSE)结构示意图[81]；(b) 恒电流密度为0.5 mA·cm−2、温度为50℃，PEO和PEO/PEG-3Li10GeP2S12(3LGPS)作为固态电解质组装的对称电池的锂电镀/剥离测试曲线[81]；((c)、(d)) 恒定电流密度为0.5 mA·cm−2的PEO/PEG-3LGPS的详细电压平台在50℃的不同循环阶段[81]；(e) PEO/Li3/8Sr7/16Ta3/4Zr1/4O3(LSTZ)锂对称电池循环后的锂金属表面[86]；(f) PEO/LiTFSI锂对称电池循环后的锂金属表面[86]；(g) PEO/LSTZ锂对称电池的锂电镀/剥离测试曲线[86]
Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of hybrid solid electrolytes (HSE) structure[81]; (b) Lithium plating/peel test curves for a symmetric battery assembled as a solid electrolyte with a constant current density of 0.5 mA·cm−2 and a temperature of 50℃ with PEO and PEO/PEG-3LGPS[81]; ((c), (d)) Detailed voltage plateaus of PEO/PEG-3LGPS with a constant current density of 0.5 mA·cm−2 at different cycling stages at 50℃[81]; (e) Li metal surface after cycling in PEO/LSTZ lithium symmetric battery[86]; (f) Li metal surface after cycling in PEO/LiTFSI lithium symmetric battery[86]; (g) Lithium plating/stripping test curves for PEO/LSTZ lithium symmetric batteries[86]
CTMS—3-chloropropyl trimethoxysilane; PEG—Poly(ethylene glycol); M—Molecular mass
图 9 (a) 集成式全固态电池结构示意图[88]；(b) PL(PEO、LiTFSI)、PLLM(PEO-LiTFSI-LLZO颗粒)和PLLN(PEO-LiTFSI-LLZO纳米线)固体电解质的应力-应变曲线[88]；(c) 无机颗粒、随机纳米线、定向排列的纳米线Li+传导示意图[89]；(d) 具有定向排列纳米线的CSEs制备流程图[89]
Figure 9. (a) Integrated all-solid-state battery structure diagram[88]; (b) Stress-strain curves of PL(PEO、LiTFSI), PLLM(PEO-LiTFSI-LLZO particles) and PLLN(PEO-LiTFSI-LLZO nanowires) solid electrolytes[88]; (c) Schematic diagram of Li+ conduction in inorganic particles, random nanowires, and aligned nanowires[89]; (d) Flowchart for the preparation of CSEs with aligned nanowires[89]
图 10 (a) 纳米压痕试验下蛭石片(VS)-CSEs和聚合物固态电解质的载荷-位移曲线[92]；(b) VS-CSEs和聚合物固态电解质在拉伸试验下的应力-应变曲线[92]；(c) 纳米压痕试验下PEO-SPE、层状蛭石骨架(Vr)/PEO-未溶胀的复合固态聚合物电解质(CSPE)和Vr/PEO-LCSE的载荷-位移曲线[93]；(d) 拉伸试验下PEO-SPE、Vr/PEO-CSPE和Vr/PEO-LCSE的应力-应变曲线[93]；(e) Vr/PEO-LCSE制备流程示意图[93]
Figure 10. (a) Load-displacement curves of vermiculite sheets (VS)-CSEs and polymer solid electrolytes under nanoindentation test[92]; (b) Stress-strain curves of VS-CSEs and polymer solid electrolytes under tensile tests[92]; (c) Load-displacement curves of PEO-SPE, laminar vermiculite framework (Vr)/PEO-composite solid polymer electrolyte without swelling (CSPE) and Vr/PEO-LCSE under nanoindentation test[93]; (d) Stress-strain curves of PEO-SPE, Vr/PEO-CSPE and Vr/PEO-LCSE under tensile test[93]; (e) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of Vr/PEO-LCSE[93]
图 11 (a) 聚合物固态电解质与单层双氢氧化物纳米片(SLN)-CSEs中Li+传导机制示意图(放大图是SLN与LiTFSI的相互作用机制)[5]；(b) PVDF-HFP/SLN复合固态电解质和PVDF-HFP聚合物固态电解质的应力-应变曲线[5]；(c) 2D 水辉石(HT)增强CSEs离子导电性的机制示意图[94]；(d) PEO-10wt% 2D HT-Li和PEO-Li的拉伸应力-位移曲线[94]
Figure 11. (a) Schematic diagram of the Li+ conduction mechanism in the polymer solid electrolyte and single-layer layered-double-hydroxide nanosheets (SLN)-CSEs (Enlarged is the interaction mechanism between SLN and LiTFSI)[5]; (b) Stress-strain curves of PVDF-HFP/SLN composite solid electrolyte and PVDF-HFP polymer solid electrolyte[5]; (c) Schematic of the mechanism for 2D HT(hectorite) to enhance the ionic conductivity of CSEs[94]; (d) Tension stress-displacement curves of the PEO-10wt% 2D HT-Li and PEO-Li[94]
LDH—Layered double hydroxides
图 12 (a) PEO-琥珀腈(SN)-LiTFSI-玻璃纤维(GF) CSEs的结构及电化学性能[97]；(b) PEO-SN25-LiTFSI10-GF CSEs的应力-应变图[97]；(c) 3D石榴石型陶瓷骨架模型图和CSEs组装的固态电池在0.5 C下的典型充放电曲线[98]；(d) 3D 石榴石型CSEs应力-应变图[98]；(e) 3D LLZO-聚合物纳米纤维制备CSEs的结构示意图[99]；(f) PVDF-PEO-LiTFSI聚合物固态电解质和3D LLZO-PVDF-PEO纳米纤维增强的CSEs应力-应变图[99]
Figure 12. (a) Structure and electrochemical properties of PEO-succinonitrile(SN)-LiTFSI-glass fiber(GF) CSEs[97]; (b) Stress-strain diagram of PEO-SN25-LiTFSI10-GF CSEs[97]; (c) 3D garnet-type ceramic framework model diagram and typical charge-discharge curves of solid-state batteries assembled with CSEs at 0.5 C[98]; (d) 3D garnet-type CSEs stress-strain diagram[98]; (e) Schematic diagram of the structure of CSEs prepared from 3D LLZO-polymer nanofibers[99]; (f) Stress-strain diagram of PVDF-PEO-LiTFSI polymer solid electrolyte and 3D LLZO-PVDF-PEO nanofibers reinforced CSEs[99]
σ—Conductivity; NCM811—Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 powder ; LFP—LiFePO4 powder
图 13 活性陶瓷骨架的SEM形貌表征：((a)~(c)) 溶胶-凝胶法制备的LLZTO陶瓷块体(横截面图像)；((d)~(f)) 静电纺丝制备的LLZTO纳米网络(俯视图)；((g)~(i)) 三明治NCN陶瓷骨架(横截面图像)[100]
Figure 13. SEM morphological characterization of the active ceramic skeletons: ((a)-(c)) LLZTO ceramic bulk prepared by sol-gel method (Cross-section images); ((d)-(f)) LLZTO nano-network prepared by electrospinning (Top-view images); ((g)-(i)) sandwiched NCN ceramic skeleton (Cross-section images)[100]
图 14 ((a)~(c)) 在质量比 LLTO∶PEO=1∶1 的混合物中添加质量分数为 15wt%的 FEC 制备的复合固态电解质(CSSE-1115)的界面自愈过程[101]；((d)~(f)) 质量比 LLTO∶PEO=1∶1 的复合固态电解质(CSSE-11)的锂枝晶生长进程[101]
Figure 14. ((a)-(c)) Interface self-healing process of the composite solid-state electrolytes was prepared by adding 15wt% FEC into the mixture of LLTO∶PEO=1∶1 (CSSE-1115)[101]; ((d)-(f)) Lithium dendrite growing process of composite solid-state electrolytes with mass ratio of LLTO∶PEO=1∶1 (CSSE-11)[101]
FEC—Fluoroethylene carbonate
表 1 常见聚合物材料玻璃化转变温度与熔点
Table 1. Glass transition temperature and melting point of common polymer materials
Polymer Glass transition
temperature Tg/℃Melting point Tm/℃ PEO −43 65 PAN 95 317 PMMA 105 Amorphous PPC 35 Amorphous PEC 5 Amorphous PEG −60 60 PVC 80 220 PVDF −40 171 PVDF-HFP −90 135 Notes: PAN—Poly(acrylonitrile); PMMA—Poly(methyl methacrylate); PPC—Poly(propylene carbonate); PEC—Poly(ethylene carbonate); PEG—Poly(ethylene glycol); PVC—Poly(vinyl carbonate); PVDF—Poly(vinylidene fluoride); HFP—Hexafluoropropylene. 
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表 2 有机-无机CSEs性能参数对比
Table 2. Comparison of performance parameters of polymer-inorganic CSEs
Polymer Lithium
saltFiller Dimension Ionic
conductivity/
(S·cm−1)Electro-
chemical
window/VThickness/
μmTensile
strength/
MPaElongation
at breaks/%Young's
modulus/
MPaRef. PEO LiTFSI p-V-SiO2 0D 5.08×10−4(60℃) 5.2 120 2.46 650 — [82] PPC LiTFSI MSN 0D 8.5×10−4(60℃) 4.8 200 4 900 — [83] PEO LiTFSI LGPS 0D 1.6×10−4(50℃) — 70 0.79 1230 — [81] PEO LiTFSI LLZO 1D 2.39×10−4(RT) 6.0 130 1 2029 — [88] PEO-PVDF LiNO3 LLTO 1D 6.02×10−4 (60℃) 4.87 — 20.67 5.41 109.87 [87] PEO LiTFSI VS 2D 1.2×10−3(60℃) 5.35 — 0.8 460 35.4 [92] PEO LiTFSI Vr 2D 1.22×10−5(25℃) 10 4.2 150 — [93] PEO LiClO4 HT 2D 9.47×10−4(60℃) — — 1.88 1270 — [94] PVDF-HFP LiTFSI SLN 2D 2.2×10−4(40℃ 4.9 — 13 450 — [5] PEO LiTFSI GN 3D 2.85×10−4(RT) 5.5 120 8.5 — 345 [97] PEO LiTFSI Ga-LLZO 3D 1.2×10−4(30℃) 5.6 262 21.8 22 — [98] PVDF-PEO LiTFSI LLZO 3D 1.05×10−4(50℃) 5.02 — 1.03 30.2 23.24 [99] Note: RT—Room temperature.
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