提升超疏水材料力学耐久性的研究进展

赵亚梅; 霍梦丹; 曹婷婷; 丁思奇; 陈丽

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220923.001

提升超疏水材料力学耐久性的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220923.001

西安工程大学　环境与化学工程学院，西安 710060

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(22008187)；国家级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2021107009035)；陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022 JQ-558)

详细信息

通讯作者:
赵亚梅，博士，教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为超疏水材料的结构设计　E-mail: zhaoyameihp@126.com

中图分类号: O647
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-04
- 修回日期: 2022-08-22
- 录用日期: 2022-09-10
- 网络出版日期: 2022-09-26
- 刊出日期: 2023-04-15

Progress in improving the mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials

School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710060, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (22008187); National College Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (2021107009035); Scientific Research Program Funded Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (2022 JQ-558)

摘要

摘要: 超疏水材料因其独特的润湿性被广泛应用于防污防腐、水下减阻及油水分离等众多领域。然而，大多数超疏水材料在受到外界机械磨损后，容易造成其表面的微观结构塌陷或者低表面能物质消耗，而影响或丧失超疏水性能。通过对表面润湿模型的分析，阐明了两条增强超疏水材料力学耐久性的主体思路，并介绍了超疏水材料力学耐久性的典型测试方法及其特点；其次，基于国内外研究现状和发展趋势的分析与梳理，归纳了4种提升超疏水材料力学耐久性的策略，分别为设计微纳米多级粗糙结构、引入高分子粘结层、构建自相似结构及自修复功能化；最后，总结了提升超疏水材料力学耐久性所面临的挑战，并展望了其未来的发展前景。
- 超疏水性 /
- 耐久性 /
- 表面润湿模型 /
- 测试方法 /
- 提升策略
Abstract: Superhydrophobic materials are widely used in many fields such as antifouling and anticorrosion, underwater drag reduction and oil-water separation due to their unique wettability. However, when most superhydrophobic materials are subjected to external mechanical wear, it is easy to cause the collapse of the surface microstructure or the consumption of low surface energy substances, which affects or loses the superhydrophobic properties. Through the analysis of the surface wetting model, two main ideas for enhancing the mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials are clarified, and the typical testing methods and characteristics of the mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials are introduced. Then, based on the analysis and review of the research status and development trends at home and abroad, four strategies to improve the mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials are summarized, including designing micro-nano multi-level rough structure, introducing polymer bonding layer, constructing self-similar structures and self-healing functionalization. Finally, the challenges to improve the mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials are summarized, and their future development prospects are prospected.
- superhydrophobicity /
- durability /
- surface wetting model /
- test method /
- improve strategy

HTML全文

图 1 力学耐久型超疏水材料的制备方法

Figure 1. Preparation methods of mechanically durable superhydrophobic materials

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图 2 (a) 光滑表面润湿状态；(b) Wenzel状态；(c) Cassie状态

Figure 2. (a) Wet state of smooth surface; (b) Wenzel state; (c) Cassie state

γ_lg—Surface tension of liquid-gas interface; γ_gs—Surface tension of gas-solid interface; γ_sl—Surface tension of solid-liquid interface; θ₀—Contact angle of smooth solid surface; θ_w—Contact angle in Wenzel state; θ_CB—Contact angle in Cassie state

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图 3 超疏水材料力学耐久性的常见评价方法：(a) 线性磨损测试^[33]；(b) 胶带剥离测试^[34]；(c) 水流冲击测试^[35]

Figure 3. Common evaluation methods for mechanical durability of superhydrophobic materials: (a) Linear abrasion test^[33]; (b) Tape peel test^[34]; (c) Water impact test^[35]

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图 4 铠甲框架超疏水材料^[44]：(a) 制备示意图；(b) 普通超疏水材料磨损示意图；(c) 铠甲框架超疏水材料磨损示意图

Figure 4. Armor frame superhydrophobic material^[44]: (a) Preparation diagram; (b) Wear diagram of ordinary superhydrophobic material; (c) Wear diagram of superhydrophobic material of armor frame

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图 5 微骨架-纳米填充物超疏水材料^[46]：(a) 制备示意图；(b) SEM图像；(c) 磨损后表面润湿情况

Figure 5. Micro-skeleton-nano-filler superhydrophobic material^[46]: (a) Schematic diagram of preparation; (b) SEM images; (c) Surface wetting after wear

CA—Contact angle; SA—Rolling angle

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图 6 硅烷化聚丙烯酸酯(CPSA)/SiO₂超疏水材料的制备示意图^[52]

Figure 6. Preparation schematic diagram of crosslinked silanized polyacrylate (CPSA)/SiO₂ superhydrophobic materials^[52]

BA—Butyl acrylate; MMA—Methyl methacrylate; VTMS—Vinyltrimethoxysilane; AIBN—2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile); PSA—Silanized polyacrylate; DBTDL—Dibutyltin dilaurate

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图 7 机械磨损对自相似超疏水材料的影响^[59]：(a) 机制示意图；(b) 磨损前；(c) 磨损后

Figure 7. Effect of mechanical wear on self-similar superhydrophobic material^[59]: (a) Schematic diagram of mechanism; (b) Before wear; (c) After wear

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图 8 微纳米结构自修复示意图^[67]

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of self-healing of micro-nano structure^[67]

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图 9 微纳米结构和低表面能物质双重自修复示意图^[75]

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the dual self-healing of micro-nano structures and low surface energy substances^[75]

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表 1 不同制备策略下超疏水表面抗磨损性能比较

Table 1. Comparison of abrasion resistance of superhydrophobic surfaces under different preparation strategies

Preparation strategies	Surfaces	Load/kPa	Friction distance/cm	Ref.
Micro-nano multi-level structure	SiO₂/Si substrate	12000	1500	[44]
	SiO₂/Fabric	3.2	160	[45]
	SiO₂/F-epoxy	12.25	50000	[46]
Polymer adhesive layer	CaCO₃/Glue	10	300	[50]
	Al₂O₃/Epoxy	5	2000	[51]
	SiO₂/CPSA	10	1400	[52]

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表 2 不同力学耐久性提升策略的原理及优缺点比较

Table 2. Comparison of principles and advantages and disadvantages of different mechanical durability improvement strategies

Strategies	Principles	Advantages	Disadvantages
Micro-nano multi-level structure	Nanoscale structures protected from damage by microscale structures	Well mechanical durability, good superhydrophobicity	Nanoparticles are easy to fall off, high cost, difficult to be widely used
Polymer adhesive layer	Intermolecular forces among adhesive layer, substrate and surface	Good adhesion, high peeling resistance, mass production	The superhydrophobicity is slightly reduced, thicker coating
Self-similar structure	Whole matter consists of microstructures with low surface energy	The new surface remains superhydrophobic after abrasion	Waste of materials, depend on the stability of the material, limited in application
Self-healing materials	Repair of micro-nano rough structures or migration of low surface energy substances	Self-healing after local da- mage, long service life	Poor abrasion resistance, strict healing condition

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