Research progress of lignin functional materials based on its structural properties
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摘要: 木质素是自然界中储量最大的可再生芳香生物质资源，其大分子是由苯丙烷结构单元(愈创木基、紫丁香基和对羟基苯基)通过醚键和碳-碳键连接聚合而成，具有天然的生物活性、亲疏水性、纳米尺度的可调节性、分子结构设计的灵活性以及生物相容性等特点。围绕木质素的分子结构特性，重点综述了近年来国内外在木质素功能材料方面的研究成果与进展。首先从木质素化学组成和分布等角度探讨了木质素的分子结构特性；然后从基于原生木质素结构特点的直接功能应用、基于木质素分子结构调控的材料创制和应用以及基于木质素碳材料的开发和应用三个方面出发，系统讨论了木质素功能材料的研究现状和亟需突破的瓶颈；最后，简述了木质素在其他领域的应用进展，并展望了木质素功能应用工作中的重点以及未来的发展方向。Abstract: Lignin is the most abundant renewable aromatic resource in nature, its macromolecular structure is composed of three phenylpropane units (guaiacyl, syringyl and p-hydroxyphenyl) that connected mainly by ether and carbon-carbon bonds, featuring natural biological activities, hydrophilcity and hydrophobicity, nano-scale adjustability, flexibility in structural modification and biocompatibility. Recent progress on functional materials of lignin is critically discussed based on its structural properties. Firstly, the chemical composition and distribution of lignin in plant cell walls are summarized to elucidating its structural characteristics. Subsequently, recent achievements and challenges on advanced materials based on direct functional application, structural modification, and carbonization are discussed. Finally, the recent progress of lignin used in other fields is briefly summarized, meanwhile, the main points towards future developments and directions in advanced materials of lignin are also highlighted.
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Key words:
- lignin /
- structural properties /
- functional materials /
- preparation and application /
- renewable /
- biological resource
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图 1 木质素结构及其分布：(a)木质素单体结构；(b)木质素结构单元及其连接键示意图；(c)植物细胞壁各层示意图
Figure 1. Structure and distribution of lignin: (a) Lignin monomers; (b) Schematic of lignin structural units and their linkages; (c) Schematic of layers of plant cell walls
H—p-Hydroxyphenyl; S—Syringyl; G—Guaiacyl; M—Middle lamella; P— Primary cell wall; S—Secondary wall (S1, S2 and S3)
图 3 木质素抗氧化剂(a)[14-16]与紫外防护剂(b)[24]
Figure 3. Antioxidant (a)[14-16]and UV-protection (b)[24] properties of lignin
ROS—Reactive oxygen species; KL—Kraft lignin; AgNCs/NPs—Ag nanocomplexes/nanoparticles; LH10/60—Lignin fractions with 10 min or 60 min extraction at 109℃; LM10/60—Lignin fractions with 10 min or 60 min extraction at 90℃; BHA—Butyl hydroxyanisole; BHT—Butylated hydroxytoluene; DPPH·—1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical
图 6 木质素基纳米凝胶在医学领域的应用：(a)抗菌木质素/银复合纳米颗粒[31]；(b)基于木质素/银纳米颗粒触发的动态氧化还原儿茶酚高粘、高韧水凝胶[68]
Figure 6. Application of lignin-based nanogel on medicine: (a) Antimicrobial lignin/Ag composite nanoparticle[31]; (b) High adhesive and tough hydrogel based on lignin/Ag nanoparticles-triggered dynamic redox catechol [68]
PDAC─Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride); PEGDA─Poly (ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate
图 9 木质素碳材料及其应用：(a)活性碳[95]；(b)干法纺丝制备的碳纤维[125]；(c)碳纤维膜电极[129]；(d)木质素基石墨烯电极[135]
Figure 9. Lignin-based carbon materials and their applications: (a) Active carbon [95]; (b) Carbon fiber from dry-spinning [125]; (c) Electrode of carbon fiber membrane [129]; (d) Electrode of lignin-derived graphene [135]
Lignin types Kraft lignin Lignosulfonate Soda lignin Organosolv lignin Separation (1) Acid precipitation
(2) UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration (1) Acid precipitation
(2) Ultrafiltration(1) Nonsolvent precipitation
(2) Dissolved air floatationS/% 1.0-3.0 3.5-8.0 0 0 N/% 0.05 0.02 0.2-1.0 0-0.3 Molecular weight/
(103 g·mol−1)1.5-5.0 1.0-50.0 0.8-3.0 0.5-5.0 Polydispersity 2.5-3.5 6.0-8.0 2.5-3.5 1.5-2.5 Acid-soluble lignin 1.0-5.0 — 1.0-11.0 ~2.0 Solubility Soda, pyridine, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, etc. Water Soda Common organic solvents Glass transition temperature/ºC 140-150 ~130 ~140 90-110 Decomposition temperature/ºC 340-370 250-260 360-370 390-400 
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Chemical modification Methodology Main products Hydroxyalky-lation Demethylation, phenolation and methylolation, etc. Lignin-phenol-formaldehyde resins Amination Mannich reaction For synthesis of Asphalt emulsifiers, cationic surfactants, epoxy resins, and polyurethane Nitration Reaction with nitrating agents, such as nitric acid with acetic anhydride, acetic acid or sulfuric acid Functional membrane Sulfomethy-lation Under neutral to basic pH, the methylene sulfonate groups are added to lignin structure by using methanol and alkali metal sulfite Dye dispersant Sulfonation Reaction with sulfuric acid or sodium sulfite Cement dispersant Alkylation/
DealkylationReaction with diazoalkanes, or alcohol, or alkylsulfates and sodium hydroxide Binder Esterification Reaction with cyclic esters (e-caprolactone, lactide, etc.), or carboxylic acid chloride (e.g., sebacoyl chloride and terephtaloyl chloride), or dicarboxylic acids (e.g., dimeric acid and carboxytelechelic polybutadiene) Lignin-based epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and unsaturated thermosetting composites Etherification Reaction with alkylene oxide (e.g., ethylene oxide and propylene oxide), or epichlorohydrin, or diglycidyl ethers, or solvolysis of lignin with ethylene glycol Lignin-based epoxy resins Phenolation Reaction with phenol in the presence of organic solvents (e.g., methanol or ethanol) Lignin phenol formaldehyde resins, lignin-based polyurethanes films Urethani-
zationReaction with diisocyanate and another diol, or isocyanate-based prepolymer Lignin-based polyurethane
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