Design of gel materials with cellulose and its derivatives
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摘要: 凝胶(水凝胶与气凝胶)是一种具有多孔结构的三维材料，其在诸多领域具有广泛应用。纤维素的可降解性及生物相容性等特性使其在凝胶材料设计中备受关注，前景巨大。纤维素及其衍生物通常可通过溶解或在水溶液中均匀分散形成稳定的体系，再经适当交联制成水凝胶。纤维素气凝胶一般是由水凝胶经超临界干燥或冷冻干燥处理制得。系统总结了纤维素基水凝胶的制备方式及机制，分析了气凝胶不同的干燥制备方式对其形态结构的影响，并重点讨论了纤维素基凝胶材料在环境保护、生物医学、能源存储等领域的应用进展，最后指出了该领域研究存在的问题并进行了展望。Abstract: Gel (hydrogel and aerogel) is a three-dimensional material of porous structures, which has found various applications. Cellulose has been widely studied in designing gel materials since it is inherently biodegradable and biocompatible. Cellulose and its derivatives can usually form a stable system by dissolving or uniformly dispersing in aqueous solution, and then be made into hydrogels via the proper crosslinking. In addition, cellulosic hydrogels can be further transformed into aerogels with supercritical drying or freeze drying. This work herein provides a systematical review of gel materials designed with cellulose and its derivatives. Firstly, a thorough analysis is implemented on the technologies in cellulosic hydrogel preparation and the mechanisms therein. The influence of different drying methods of aerogel on its morphology and structure are discussed. Furthermore, the applications of cellulosic gel in environmental protection, biomedicine, energy storage and other fields are summarized. Finally, the existing issues in this area are pointed out and prospected.
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Key words:
- cellulose /
- hydrogel /
- aerogel /
- composite /
- covalent bond /
- noncovalent bond
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图 2 物理水凝胶：(a) 基于氢键作用交联的纤维素水凝胶[22]；(b) 基于疏水作用交联的纤维素水凝胶[27]；(c)基于疏水作用和离子键作用交联的纤维素水凝胶[30]；(d) 基于离子键作用交联的纤维素水凝胶[34]
Figure 2. Physical hydrogel: (a) Cellulose hydrogel crosslinked by hydrogen bonding[22]; (b) Cellulose hydrogel crosslinked by hydrophobic interaction[27]; (c) Cross-linked cellulose hydrogel based on hydrophobic and ionic bonding[30]; (d) Cellulose hydrogel crosslinked by ionic bonding[34]
MC—Methyl cellulose; AAm—Acrylamide; SMA—Stearyl methacrylate; PSMA—Poly(stearyl methacrylate); SDS—Sodium dodecyl sulfate; CMC—Carboxymethyl cellulose; HPC—Hydroxypropyl cellulose; SA—Sodium alginate; PVA—Poly(vinyl alcohol)
图 3 (a) 纤维素和丙烯酸的自由基引发机制[37]；(b) 纤维素与环氧氯丙烷(ECH)的醚化交联[44]；(c) 羧甲基纤维素、聚乙二醇与柠檬酸的酯化交联[49]；(d) 氧化羧甲基纤维素与聚丙烯酰胺的席夫碱反应[52]
Figure 3. (a) Free radical initiation mechanism of cellulose and acrylic acid[37]; (b) Etherification crosslinking with cellulose and ECH[44]; (c) Esterification crosslinking of carboxymethyl cellulose, polyethylene glycol and citric acid[49]; (d) Oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose reacts with Schiff base of polyacrylamide[52]
AA—Acrylic acid; PEG—Polyethylene glycol; PAH—Polyacryloyl hydrazide
图 4 (a) 超拉伸、坚韧、防冻和导电纤维素水凝胶应变传感器[87]；(b) 自愈、坚固耐用且高灵敏度的纤维素水凝胶传感器[17]
Figure 4. (a) Ultra-tensile, tough, antifreeze and conductive cellulose hydrogel strain sensor[87]; (b) Self-healing, robust and highly sensitive cellulose hydrogel sensor[17]
AM—Acrylamide; AN—Acrylonitrile; PANI—Polyaniline; R0—Initial resistance; R—Current resistance; GF—Gauge factor
图 5 中空聚吡咯/纤维素(PC)杂化水凝胶[93]：(a) 中空PC杂化水凝胶的合成；((b)、(c)) 纤维素水凝胶、中空PPy网络和PC杂化凝胶的应力应变曲线及其在力学上的比较；((d)~(f)) PC杂化水凝胶的横截面结构
Figure 5. Hollow polypyrrole/cellulose (PC) hybrid hydrogel[93]: (a) Synthesis of hollow PC hybrid hydrogel; ((b), (c)) Stress-strain curves of cellulose hydrogel, hollow PPy network and PC hybrid gel and their mechanical comparison; ((d)~(f)) The cross-sectional structure of PC hybrid hydrogel
图 6 (a) 纤维素纳米纤维(CNF)基气凝胶的制备[113]；((b)、(c)) 未经叔丁醇处理、经叔丁醇处理的CNF基气凝胶SEM图像[113]；(d) 不同温度下的气凝胶热导率[113]；(e) 气凝胶的热阻测试[113]；(f) 纯纤维素气凝胶(NCA)和纤维素/二氧化硅复合气凝胶(CSA)的HRR曲线[125]；(g) CSA和NCA的燃烧测试[125]；(h) 不同二氧化硅含量的CSA的SEM图像[125]；(i) CNFA的制备[126]；(j) CNFA 的TEM放大图像[126]；((k)、(l))CNFA、CNF的SEM图像[126]；(m) CNF和CNFA气凝胶的燃烧试验[126]
Figure 6. (a) Preparation of CNF-based aerogel[113]; ((b), (c)) SEM images of CNF-based aerogels treated with tert-butyl alcohol and without tert-butyl alcohol[113]; (d) Thermal conductivity of aerogel at different temperatures[113]; (e) Thermal resistance test of aerogel[113]; (f) HRR curves of pure cellulose aerogel (NCA) and CSA[125]; (g) The combustion test of CSA and NCA[125]; (h) SEM images of CSA with different silica content[126]; (I) Preparation of CNFA[126]; (j) TEM enlargement of CNFA[126]; ((k), (l)) SEM images of CNFA and CNF[126]; (m) The combustion test of CNF and CNFA aerogel[126]
MTMX—Methyltrimethoxysilane; CNF—Cellulose nanofiber; CNFA—Cellulose nanofiber/AlOOH; NCA—Neat cellulose aerogels; CSA—Cellulose–silica composite aerogels; RH—Relative humidity
表 1 纤维素水凝胶在超级电容器中的功能
Table 1. Function of cellulose hydrogel in supercapacitor
Hydrogel component Active ingredient Functional hydrogel Ref. Cellulose nanofibers, polyaniline, Fe3+ Polyaniline Electrode [97] Carboxymethyl cellulose, polypyrrole Polypyrrole Electrode [95] Cellulose, ZnCl2 ZnCl2 Electrolyte [94] Nanocellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, borax, ZnSO4 ZnSO4 Electrolyte [98] Cellulose, polyacrylamide, polyaniline Polyacrylamide Electrolyte [99] Hydroxypropyl cellulose, PVA, glycerol, LiClO4 LiClO4 Electrolyte [100] Cellulose, polyacrylamide, Fe3+ Polyacrylamide, Fe3+ Electrolyte separator [101] Cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, Li2SO4 Li2SO4 Electrolyte separator [102] Cellulose, Li2SO4 Li2SO4 Electrolyte separator [103] 
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