Recent progress on mechanical behaviors of nacre and its bio-inspired composites
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摘要: 珍珠母是由天然文石晶片和有机基质构成的一种两相生物复合材料。其中，文石晶片通过典型交错层叠方式镶嵌在连续的有机基质中，形成高度有序的分级结构，使珍珠母呈现出远优于其组份材料的力学性能。因此，受到力学、材料学和生物学领域研究学者们的广泛关注。本文首先介绍了珍珠母材料的微结构特征及其基本变形机制和力学性能，然后分别从理论分析、数值模拟和实验制备三个角度出发综述了仿珍珠母复合材料的研究进展，重点讨论了这类仿生复合材料在变形过程中的强韧化机制，并分析了结构-性能之间的关系，最后对其可能的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Nacre is a biological composite which is made of natural aragonite platelets and organic matrix. These platelets are embedded in the continuous matrix in a parallel and staggered pattern, forming a highly ordered hierarchical structure. The mechanical properties of nacre are far superior to those of the components. Therefore, it has received wide attention of researchers in the fields of mechanics, materials science and biology. First of all, this paper introduced the microstructure, the basic deformation mechanism and mechanical properties of nacre. The research progress of biomimetic nacre-like composites was then reviewed from three perspectives including the theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental preparation. The emphasis was focused on the underlying strengthening and toughening mechanism during the deformation process, and the relationship between its structure and properties was also analyzed. Finally, the latest development direction of nacreous composites is proposed.
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Key words:
- nacre /
- bioinspired composites /
- “Brick-and-Mortar”structure /
- fracture mechanics /
- 3D printing /
- numerical simulation
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图 6 拉剪链模型(a)[43]、受拉基体的描述((b)假想的片层[44]、 (c)单边接触[45]、 (d)真实模型[46]、(e)拉伸应力[50])及不同的交错排列方式(f)[51]
Figure 6. Tension-shear chain model (a)[43], description of the tension region of mortar ((b) Imaginary tablet[44]; (c) Unilateral contact[45]; (d) Actual mortar[46]; (e) Tensile stress[50]) and different staggering patterns (f)[51]
L—Mineral platelet of length; t—Mineral platelet of thickness;t3—Matrix on sides of platelet of thickness; l1—Imaginary platelet of length; 2P—Fraction of total load carried by platelets; P1—Load carried by platelet ‘2’; ho—Thickness of organic layer; hp—Thicknesses of aragonite platelets; Lp—Length of aragonite platelets; σm—Maximum tensile stress; σc—Tensile stress induced by tension region; τc—Shear stress in shear region; ls—Effective shear length of a prism; L—Length of hard platelets
图 7 复合材料中的材料和几何参数与能量耗散之间的关系(a)[63]及基体的剪切模量引入梯度设计后复合材料界面上的切应力(b)、弹性极限(c)和回弹性能的影响(d)[64]
Figure 7. Energy dissipation of composites related to material properties and microstructures (a)[63] and influence of functionally graded matrix on shear stress distribution along interface (b), elastic limit (c) and resilience (d) of composites[64]
$\mathop \omega \limits^ \sim $, $\mathop \eta \limits^ \sim $—Critical dimensionless variables; $\phi $—Energy dissipation capability of system; Gmin—Minimum shear modulus; Gmax—Maximum shear modulus; h—Matrix thickness; u0—Displacement; τ—Shear stress; τf—Shear strength; ρ—Aspect ratio; σel—Effective stress; Wel—Strain energy density; ρ*, ρ**—Critical aspect ratio
图 8 波纹状片层对仿生复合材料强度和韧性的影响((a), (b)); 控制失效模式转变的临界互锁角度(c); 临界互锁角度与片层长细比和组份材料强度比之间的关系(d)
Figure 8. Influence of tablet waviness on strength and toughness of biomimetic composites ((a), (b)); Critical interlocking angle determining transition of failure modes (c); Relationship between critical interlocking angle and tablet aspect ratio and components’ strength ratio (d)
FEM—Finite element model; BM—Brick-and-Mortar; W—Wavy, SW—Super wavy; EW—Extreme wavy; θ—Tablet waviness angle; D/Dvw—Normalized toughness; D, H—Length and thickness of unit cell, respectively; 2l, hB—Length and thickness of brick, respectively; hM—Thickness of mortar layer; α—Inclined angle; σB—Normal stress on brick; σ—Effective stress for unit cell; αc—Critical value; τM—Shear stress; σM/σB—Strength ratio of mortar to brick
图 9 交错模型的裂纹扩展行进中的桥接区和过程区和不同过程区参数下的无量纲阻力曲线(a)[75]; 仿生复合材料断裂韧性与名义片层长度和厚度之间的关系(b)[80]; 界面裂纹扩展与无量纲的初始重叠尺寸之间的关系(c)[82]
Figure 9. Bridging zone and process zone with an advancing crack in a staggered composite and non-dimensional crack resistance curves for different values of process zone parameter (a)[75]; Relationship between fracture toughness of bioinspired composites and normalized tablet length and thickness (b)[80]; Relationship between interfacial crack propagating and dimensionless original overlap length (c)[82]
λ—Characteristic length; w—Half-width; J—Toughness of composite; J0—Intrinsic toughness of composite; α—Process zone parameter; a—Crack length; E—Modulus; σs—Strength; a—Non-dimensional crack advance; J—Non-dimensional toughness; ηss—Steady-state toughening ratio
图 11 复合材料的杨氏模量随界面强度的变化趋势(a)[92]; 块体材料和仿珍珠母材料在冲击过程中的速度曲线对比(b)[98];采用DEM的模拟结果与实验结果的对比(c)[106]
Figure 11. Variation of Young’s modulus of composite with interfacial strength (a)[92]; Comparison between velocity profiles of bulk and nacreous materials during impact (b)[98]; Comparison between numerical results using DEM and experimental ones (c)[106]
RSM—Regularly staggered model; SSM—Stair-wise staggered model; LJ—Lennard-Jones
图 13 梯度设计的优势[169]
Figure 13. Advantages of gradient design[169]
GRAD—Specimens with functional gradients; BM-SL—Specimens with a single-level brick-and-mortar design but without functional gradients; BM-GRAD-SL—Specimens with both a single-level brick-and-mortar design and functional gradients; BM-2L—Specimens with a two-level hierarchical brick-and-mortar design but without functional gradients; BM-GRAD-2L—Specimens incorporating both a two-level hierarchical brick-and-mortar design and functional gradients; U—Fracture energy; σmax—Fracture stress; L—Initial length of specimen; ρ'—Hard volume fraction; E—Stiffness
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