Interlaminar toughening of glass fiber/epoxy vinyl ester resin composite and its low-velocity impact properties at low temperature
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摘要: 采用真空辅助成型工艺(VARI)制备了四种无纺布(聚酰胺(PA)、聚氨酯弹性体橡胶(TPU)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)、共聚酯(PEs))层间改性的玻璃纤维/环氧乙烯基酯树脂(GF/EVER)复合材料层合板。在温度为20℃下进行落锤冲击实验，对比分析了不同层间改性的GF/EVER复合材料层合板的低速冲击响应特性和抗冲击性能；利用超声C扫描和SEM分析了其冲击损伤机制。通过对复合材料层合板的冲击损伤面积、凹坑深度、最大接触力、冲击后剩余压缩强度(CAI)值的对比分析可知，经TPU和PEs无纺布层间改性的GF/EVER复合材料抗冲击性能较佳。不同的无纺布和基体树脂生成的界面相与纤维的结合程度不尽相同。层间改性的GF/EVER复合材料的冲击损伤机制为冲击正面表层基体树脂的开裂，其内部的分层和冲击背面的分层劈裂或纤维断裂；同时，进一步研究了经TPU和PEs改性的GF/EVER复合材料在低温下(−100℃和−45℃)的低速冲击性能，结果表明，随着温度的降低，GF/EVER复合材料的冲击损伤面积随之增大，CAI值随之减小，这可能是GF/EVER复合材料在低温下层间残余热应力和基体树脂脆化效应综合作用的结果。Abstract: Four kinds of glass fiber/epoxy vinyl ester resin (GF/EVER) composite laminates interlayer toughened by polyamide (PA), polyurethane (TPU), vinyl ester copolymer (EVA) and co-polyester (PEs) nonwoven fabrics were prepared by vacuum assisted resin infusion (VARI) process. The drop hammer impact test was carried out at temperature of 20℃, and the low-velocity impact response and impact resistance of the different GF/EVER composite laminates were compared and analyzed. The fracture mechanism was further studied by means of ultrasonic C-scan and SEM. The results indicate that the GF/EVER composite laminates modified by TPU and PEs nonwoven fabrics have better impact resistance through the comparison of impact damage area, dent depth, maximum contact force and residual compression strength (CAI). The interface phase and fiber binding degree of different non-woven fabrics and matrix resins are different. The impact damage mechanism of GF/EVER composite laminates is the cracking of matrix resin on the surface of impact surface, the delamination inside the composite laminate and the delamination cleavage or fiber fracture on the back of impact surface. Meanwhile, the low-velocity impact performance of GF/EVER composite laminates modified by TPU and PEs nonwoven fabrics was further studied under impact test at low temperature (−100℃, −45℃). The results show that the impact damage area will be increased and CAI will be decreased with the decrease of temperature. This may be the result of the combined action of the interlaminar residual thermal stress of GF/EVER composites and the embrittlement effect of matrix resin at low temperature.
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图 2 低速冲击试样背面最大损伤面积计算方法
Figure 2. Calculation method of maximum damage area on back of impact specimens
图 3 未层间增韧和层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料在20℃时的接触力-时间曲线
Figure 3. Contact force-time curves of GF/EVER composites without and with interlaminar toughening at 20℃
图 4 未层间增韧和层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料在20℃时的接触力-位移曲线
Figure 4. Contact force-displacement curves of GF/EVER composites without and with interlaminar toughening at 20℃
图 5 层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料在20℃时的凹坑深度和最大损伤面积
Figure 5. Maximum damage area and dent depth of GF/EVER composites with interlaminar toughening at 20℃
图 6 层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料在20℃下的最大接触力
Figure 6. Maximum contact force of GF/EVER composites with interlaminar toughening at 20℃
图 7 层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料在20℃下低速冲击过程中的能量-时间曲线
Figure 7. Energy-time curves of GF/EVER composites with interlaminar toughening during low velocity impact at 20℃
Ei—Total impact energy; Ea—Absorbed energy; Ee—Elastic energy
图 8 层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料的能量吸收系数
Figure 8. Energy absorption coefficient of GF/EVER composites with interlaminar toughening
图 9 层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料冲击后的剩余压缩强度
Figure 9. Compressive residual strength of GF/EVER composites with interlaminar toughening after impact
图 10 层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料低速冲击后在20℃时的正面、背面及超声C扫描图像
Figure 10. Front and back surface morphologies and ultrasonic C-scan images of GF/EVER composites with interlaminar toughening after low velocity impact at 20℃
图 11 未层间增韧和层间增韧的GF/EVER复合材料分层断裂面的SEM图像
Figure 11. SEM images of interlaminar fracture surfaces of GF/EVER composites without and with interlaminar toughening
图 12 GF/EVER-TPU和GF/EVER-PEs复合材料在−100℃、−45℃、20℃下低速冲击后的损伤面积
Figure 12. Damage area of GF/EVER-TPU and GF/EVER-PEs composites at −100℃, −45℃ and 20℃ after low velocity impact
图 13 GF/EVER-TPU和GF/EVER-PEs复合材料在−100℃、−45℃、20℃下冲击后剩余压缩强度
Figure 13. Residual compressive strength of GF/EVER-TPU and GF/EVER-PEs composites at −100℃, −45℃, and 20℃ after impact
表 1 玻璃纤维/环氧乙烯基酯树脂(GF/EVER)复合材料的编号、铺层方式、层合板厚度、纤维体积含量及无纺布的含量
Table 1. Layer configuration, thickness, fiber volume fraction and mass fraction of nonwoven fabrics of glass fiber/epoxy vinyl ester resin (GF/EVER) composite
Sample Layer configuration T/mm Vf/vol% Wnf/wt% GF/EVER [0/90]4S 2.79 51.1 0 GF/EVER-PA [0/PA/90]4S 4.01 47.8 1.02 GF/EVER-TPU [0/TPU/90]4S 3.96 49.7 1.04 GF/EVER-EVA [0/EVA/90]4S 4.20 46.3 1.33 GF/EVER-PEs [0/PEs/90]4S 3.95 48.4 1.00 Notes: T—Thickness of laminates; Vf—Fiber volume fraction; Wnf—Mass fraction of nonwoven fabrics in resin system; PA—Polyamide; TPU—Polyurethane; EVA— Vinyl ester copolymer; PEs—Co-polyester. 
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