Abstract: After melt-spinning by adding hexamethylenetetramine and the curing treatment，carbon fibers were prepared from the phenolated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) by using the direct carbonization method. The structure characterization of carbon fibers was studied by SEM，FTIR，Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis.The results show that with carbonization temperature rising，the Raman spectra of carbon fibers from the phenolated Chinese fir have the D peak at 1360 cm ^-1 and the G peak at 1595 cm^-1  that are similar to other graphitoidal materials. At the same time，the value of the disordering R decreases and the crystallite sizes L_a increases with the rise of carbonization temperature. It is found that the microstructure of the carbon fibers becomes more and more ordered. The carbon fibers at 1000℃ have smooth surface and an ellipse cross-section，and the elemental mass fractions of the carbon fibers are 94.04% for C，4.26% for O and 0.5% for H，respectively.