Effect of projectile penetration angle on dynamic mechanical behavior of carbon/basalt fiber metal laminates under high-velocity impact

Fiber metal laminates (FMLs) exhibit considerable application potential due to their inherent superior impact and fatigue resistance, and have recently emerged as a prominent research focus in the field of ballistic impact. Based on finite element analysis of ballistic impact events, this study investigates the failure modes and energy absorption characteristics of carbon/basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP/BFRP) metal laminates incorporating titanium alloy layers. The influence of projectile incidence angle, laminate thickness, and projectile nose shape is systematically analyzed. The results indicate that as the incidence angle increases, the projectile's interaction with the target transitions from rebound to full penetration, accompanied by a corresponding increase in the ballistic limit velocity. At incidence angles of 0° and 15°, the absorbed energy, energy absorption rate (EAR), and specific energy absorption (SEA) of the FMLs exhibit only slight variations with increasing impact velocity. Conversely, significant variations are observed at incidence angles of 30° and 45°. For cylindrical, hemispherical, conical, and elliptical projectiles, oblique penetration enhances the overall energy absorption capacity of the FMLs. Furthermore, when the incidence angle increases from 0° to 45°, the 6.6 mm-thick laminate exhibits a marked change in internal stress distribution, along with an enlarged perforation area compared to the 2.6 mm-thick laminate. The perforation morphology transitions from an open angular shape to a petal-like wrapped configuration. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for the optimal design and engineering application of fiber metal laminates.