纺织复合材料纤维预制体力学性能测试方法研究进展

杨志; 焦亚男; 谢军波; 焦伟; 王玉; 邵梦洁; 陈利

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210820.001

纺织复合材料纤维预制体力学性能测试方法研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210820.001

杨志^{1, 2,},
焦亚男^{1, 2,},
谢军波^{1, 2, ,},
焦伟^{1, 2},
王玉^{1, 2},
邵梦洁^{1, 2},
陈利^{1, 2}

1.
天津工业大学　复合材料研究院纺织复合材料教育部重点实验室，天津 300387
2.
天津工业大学　纺织科学与工程学院，天津 300387

基金项目: 天津市教委科研计划项目(2018KJ195)

详细信息

通讯作者:
谢军波，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，研究方向为复合材料力学、织物力学　E-mail：xiejunbo@tiangong.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-08
- 修回日期: 2021-08-05
- 录用日期: 2021-08-07
- 网络出版日期: 2021-08-20
- 刊出日期: 2022-04-01

Research progress in testing methods of mechanical properties of textile composite fiber preforms

YANG Zhi^{1, 2
,},
JIAO Ya'nan^{1, 2
,},
XIE Junbo^{1, 2
, ,},
JIAO Wei^{1, 2},
WANG Yu^{1, 2},
SHAO Mengjie^{1, 2},
CHEN Li^{1, 2}

1.
Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composite Materials, Institute of Composite Materials, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
2.
School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China

摘要

摘要: 纺织复合材料具有质量轻、强度高，可设计性强等诸多优势，在航空航天领域得到广泛应用。纺织预制体的纤维结构对复合材料的最终力学性能有着决定性影响。然而，预制体的纤维结构在织造过程中不可避免地会发生宏观尺寸和微细观结构的变形，甚至产生褶皱缺陷。纺织预制体作为一种柔性骨架，其变形机制十分复杂。采用试验测试来表征预制体的力学变形特性是最直接、最有效的方法，也是建立理论和数值分析模型的基础。本文对纺织复合材料预制体的拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切和成型试验等测试方法进行了综述，讨论了不同测试方法的优缺点及适用条件，对后续的研究工作进行了展望。本研究将为预制体力学测试技术的改进、测试标准的建立和成型过程中的准确控形提供理论指导，对纺织复合材料的结构设计和工程应用起到推动作用。
- 纺织复合材料 /
- 预制体 /
- 力学性能 /
- 测试方法 /
- 变形机制
Abstract: Textile composites are widely used in aerospace field because of its advantages of light weight, high strength and strong designability.The fiber structure of textile preform determines the final mechanical properties of composites. However, the fiber structure of preform inevitably undergoes macro-scale and micro-structure deformation during the weaving process, and even wrinkle defects. The preform is a flexible skeleton, and its deformation mechanism is very complicated. Test is the most direct method to characterize the mechanical properties of preform, and it is also the basis of establishing theoretical and numerical analysis model. In this paper, the basic test methods of textile composite preform, such as tensile test, compression test, bending test, shear test and forming test, are reviewed. The advantages, disadvantages and applicable conditions of different test methods are discussed, and the future research work is prospected. The work in this paper will provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of preform mechanics testing technology, the establishment of testing standards and the accurate control of shape during the forming process. It will promote the structural design and engineering application of textile composites.
- textile composites /
- preform /
- mechanical properties /
- test method /
- deformation mechanism

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图 1 不同试验室十字形试样示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of cruciform specimen in different laboratories

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图 2 压缩试样的控形方法

Figure 2. Test method for shape control of compressed specimens

RTM—Resin transfer molding; PTEF—Polytetrafluoroethylene

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图 3 悬臂梁弯曲试验

Figure 3. Cantilever bending test

L—Overhang length; l—Overhang length; θ—Angle of the chord with the horizontal axis

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图 4 三点弯曲试验

Figure 4. Three-point bending test

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图 5 Kawabata弯曲试验及其扩展

Figure 5. Kawabata bending test and its extensions

W—Specimen width; L—Total length of specimen; l—Half effective length of specimen; M_c—Bending moment; α—Rotation angle

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图 6 相框剪切和单向偏轴拉伸变形示意图^[61]

Figure 6. Schematic representation of picture frame and uniaxial bias extension deformation^[61]

F_frame—Measured force; L_frame—Length of the frame; γ₁₂/2—Half shear angle; θ—Frame angle; F_shear—Shear force; L_fabric—Sample’s clamping length; u_frame—Measured displacement; H—Effective length of specimen; L₀—Initial diagonal length of zone A; d—Tensile displacement; F_bias—Tensile load; α—Half frame angle

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图 7 相框剪切试验

Figure 7. Picture frame test

1—Top hinge; 2—Bottom hinge; 3—Slotted guide to allow for amplified travel of point 1 due to linkage at A; 4—Clamping mechanism, lip; 5—Clamping mechanism,plate with screws; L_a—Length of the amplifier; L—Sample length in shear zone

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图 8 偏轴拉伸试验装置和试样

Figure 8. Bias extension test fixture and specimen

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图 9 高温下单向偏轴拉伸试验装置

Figure 9. Uniaxial bias extension test fixture and specimen at high temperature

DIC—Digital image correlation

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图 10 层间剪切试验装置

Figure 10. Interlaminar shear test fixture

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图 11 半球成型试验

Figure 11. Hemispherical forming test

d_h—Hemisphere diameter; d_bh—Inner diameter of blank holder; d_bp—Hole diameter in the base plate; u—Hemispherical displacement; P—Blank-holder pressure; G—Gravity of blank-holder

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图 12 复杂结构成型试验

Figure 12. Forming test of special-shaped structure

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表 1 双轴拉伸测试的试验参数

Table 1. Experimental parameters of biaxial tensile test

Material	Sample center size/mm	Sample arm size/mm	Strain measurement method	Loading method	Ref.
Coated woven fabrics	700×700	260×100	135 mm linear displacement transducers	Biaxial bidirectional loading	[16]
Coated woven fabrics	300×300	150×25	100 mm linear displacement transducers	Biaxial unidirectionalloading	[16]
Non-crimp 3D orthogonal woven reinforcement	60×60	145×60	Digital image correlation (DIC)	Biaxial bidirectional loading	[18]
URETEK3216LV	160×160	200×160	28 mm needle extensometers	Biaxial unidirectional loading	[14]
Envelope material	50×50	200×50	High-precision displacement sensors	Plane loading of vertical specimen	[19]
HAA envelope	100×100	220×100	High-speed photography	Biaxial bidirectional loading	[12]
Uretek5876	160×160	160×200	20 mm needle extensometers	Biaxial bidirectional loading	[15]
Note: HAA—High altitude airship.

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表 2 压缩测试的试验参数

Table 2. Experimental parameters of compression test

Material	Top plate	Sample size/mm	Speed/ (mm·min^-1)	Strain measurement method	Ref.
Spacer fabric	Not mentioned	100×100	12	Micro-CT	[30]
Hexcel G986 twill 2/2 carbon fabric	Diameter: 100 mm	—	0.5	Micro-CT	[23]
Interlock fabric	Not mentioned	100×100	1	Digital microscope VHX-1000	[21]
2/2 twill weave fabric	Not mentioned	100×100	0.5	Micro-CT	[31]
Single layer fabric	Surface areas: 15 cm²	50×50	1	Micro-CT	[22]
Woven and knitted fabrics	Diameter: 100 mm	140×140	1	High resolution microscope	[24]
Carbon fibre plain weave	Diameter: 50 mm	60×60	1	Imetrum video gauge system and Micro-CT	[32]

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表 3 弯曲测试的试验参数

Table 3. Experimental parameters of bending test

Material	Test method	Sample size/mm	Speed	Temperature/℃	Ref.
Four structural carbon fiber fabrics	Cantilever test	300×300	Quasi-static	No	[37]
Monoply and multiply stitched fabric	Cantilever test	300×150	Quasi-static	No	[40]
Monoply/multiply and 3D carbon fiber fabric	Cantilever test	Monoply: 150/180×50 Multiply: 100×50 3D: 405×70×15	Quasi-static	No	[41]
PPS-carbon satin prepregs	Cantilever test	200×50	Quasi-static	320, 345, 360, 380	[46]
UHMWPE fiber reinforced TPU	“Vertical” cantilever test	250×20	Quasi-static	80, 100, 120	[47]
5HS satin weave impregnated with Cycom 5320	“Vertical” cantilever test	150×50	3, 6, 9 mm/s	20, 50, 70, 90	[44]
Unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced PA6	Cantilever/ three-point test	23×15,53×15 Span: 20/50	0.01, 0.1, 0.5 mm/min	200, 230, 260	[48]
Interlock reinforcement	Three-point test	200×30×15 Span: 116	—	No	[49]
Glass fiber twill/UD prepreg	Rheometer test	15×20	0.1, 1, 10 r/min	60, 150, 210, 220, 260	[50]
Unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced Nylon 6	Rheometer test	(25-35)×25	0.6, 6, 19.2, 60 °/s	240, 26, 280	[51]
Carbon fiber plain weave fabric and Silicone oils	Rheometer test	60×70	0.1, 1, 10 r/min	No	[52]
Notes: PPS—Polyphenylene sulfite; TPU—Thermoplastic polyurethane; UHMWPE—Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene; UD—Unidirectional.

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表 4 相框剪切测试的试验参数

Table 4. Experimental parameters of picture frame test

Material	Sample size/mm	Speed/(mm·min⁻¹)	Strain measurement method	Ref.
3D angle interlock fabric	100×100	10	Manual image analysis	[58]
Non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave preform	180×180	10	Digital image correlation (DIC)	[18]
Plain-woven Kevlar^@ 49	75×75 100×100 125×125	5	CCD camera	[67]
NCFs with chain and tricot-chain stitches	210×210	20	1230-pixel camera	[65]
Twintex fabric	219×219	—	Zeiss V20 stereo microscope	[62]
UD-NCF and Hexcel’s woven fabric	170×170	100	Two video cameras	[61]
F-12 aramid fabric	127×127	—	DIC	[66]
Note: NCFs—Non-crimp fabrics.

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表 5 偏轴拉伸测试的试验参数

Table 5. Experimental parameters of bias extension test

Material	Test method	Sample size/mm	Speed/(mm·min⁻¹)	Strain measurement method	Ref.
4-harness satin weave fabric and epoxy resin	Bias extension test	225×90	20	DIC	[78]
Nylon 66 woven engineering fabric	Bias extension test	200×100	10	CCD camera	[56]
Non-crimp 3D orthogonal weave preform	Bias extension test	200×100	3	Digital camera	[18]
F-12 aramid fabric	Bias extension test	300×50	—	DIC	[66]
2×2 twill-weave carbon fabric	Bias extension test	200×100 300×150 400×200	200	Casio HS EX-ZR700 digital camera	[77]
NCFs with chain and tricot-chain stitches	Bias extension test	225×90	20	1230-pixel camera	[65]
Roving glass fibre/ polypropylene (PP)	Bias extension test	250×100	100,1000 and 10000	PHANTOM V711 high-speed camera	[80]
UD-NCF	Bias extension test	320×160	100	Digital video camera	[61]
Plain weave fabric	Bias extension test	100×50	10	DIC	[56]
Plain weave glass fabric	Biaxial bias extension test	210×210 240×240	200	Digital camera (Canon power shot A 700)	[73]
Twintex	Multi-step biaxial bias extension (MBBE) test	70×70	4	Creaform viuscan portable 3D scanner	[74]
12 K carbon plain weave woven fabric	Infiltrated bias-extension test (IBET)	280×120	100, 350, 700	A camera system	[79]

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表 6 半球成型测试的试验参数

Table 6. Experimental parameters of hemispherical forming test

Material	Punch/Circular hole size/mm	Sample size/mm	Speed/ (mm·min⁻¹)	Strain measurement method	Blank-holder pressure	Ref.
3D warp interlock preforms	150/160	300×300	—	“tracers” yarns	0.2 MPa	[85]
Non-crimp carbon fabrics	150/287	Diameter 380	90	“shape-from-focus” (SFF)	9.4 kg	[87]
Bi-axial carbon fibre NCF	100/104	300×300	100	Grid strain analysis (GSA)	1200 N	[90]
Stitched UD-NCF	100/120	350×350	100	Optical strain analysis	750 g	[61]
Twill 2/2 woven fabric	100/122	260×260	2700	CCD camera	0.025, 0.075 MPa	[88]
3D warp interlock/2D plain weave fabrics	150/150	250×250	45	Digital camera	0.2 MPa	[13]
Plain-weave fabric	150/160	400×400	30	Optical strain analysis	0.05 MPa	[92]
Triaxial fabrics	150/160	300×300	45	Video camera	—	[5]
Note: CCD—Charge coupled device.

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表 7 复杂结构成型测试的试验参数

Table 7. Experimental parameters of special-shaped forming test

Material	Forming experiment	Sample size/mm	Speed/ (mm·min⁻¹)	Strain measurement method	Blank-holder pressure	Ref.
Glass/polypropylene plain weave fabric	Double dome benchmark	470×270	200	Manual image analysis	100 N	[63]
Plain woven composite fabric	Double dome benchmark	470×270	20	Manual image analysis	100 N	[93]
Glass-polypropylene (PP)	Double dome benchmark	452×640	100	Manual image analysis	No	[94]
G1151@ interlock fabric	Tetrahedral shape	—	—	Optical module	480 N	[95]
G1151@ interlock fabric	Prismatic shape	—	30	Digital Image Correlation (DIC)	9.22 N/yarn	[96]

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