碳纤维增强碳基复合材料加工技术研究与探讨

翟兆阳; 曲雅静; 张延超; 吴宁强; 尹明虎; 张东亚

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20211106.001

碳纤维增强碳基复合材料加工技术研究与探讨

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20211106.001

1.
西安理工大学　机械与精密仪器工程学院, 西安710048
2.
西安交通大学　机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室, 西安710054

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51905425; 52075436)；中国博士后科学基金(2021T140552; 2019M663939XB)；机械制造系统工程国家重点实验室开放课题(sklms2020009)

详细信息

通讯作者:
张延超，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为航空发动机密封件设计、加工及测试技术　E-mail: zhangyanchao@xaut.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN249
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-09-02
- 修回日期: 2021-10-05
- 录用日期: 2021-10-24
- 网络出版日期: 2021-11-08
- 刊出日期: 2022-03-23

Research and discussion on processing technology of carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites

1.
School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
2.
State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710054, China

摘要

摘要: 碳纤维增强碳基复合材料(C/C)具有热膨胀系数低、耐腐蚀、抗热冲击、耐磨损等特点，在武器装备、航空航天、汽车制造等领域得到日益广泛的应用。传统加工技术难以实现对C/C复合材料的高精度加工。激光加工技术对加工对象的尺寸、材质和形状要求低，易与其他先进加工技术相结合，具有其他加工方法所不具备的优势。本论文主要对C/C复合材料的制备、应用和加工方式进行了论述，详细阐述了激光加工C/C复合材料的原理机制和工艺特点，以及不同应用场合下加工工艺的选择策略。通过传统加工方法和特种加工方法的对比，概述了加工C/C复合材料所面临的问题和挑战，提出了C/C复合材料激光加工与其他先进制造技术相结合的发展趋势。
- C/C复合材料 /
- 激光加工 /
- 超短脉冲激光 /
- 作用机制 /
- 复合加工
Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites (C/C) have the characteristics of low thermal expansion coefficient, corrosion resistance, thermal shock resistance, and wear resistance, which are widely used in military equipment, aerospace, automobile manufacturing and other fields. But it is difficult to achieve high precision machining of C/C composites by traditional processing technology. Laser processing technology has low requirements for the size, material and shape. It is easy to combine with other advanced processing technologies and has the characteristics that other methods do not have. This paper mainly reviews the preparation, application and processing methods of C/C composites, elaborates the mechanism and process characteristics of laser processing of C/C composites and the selection strategy of processing technology in different applications. Through the comparison of traditional processing methods and special processing methods, the problems and challenges faced by the processing of C/C composites are summarized, and the development trend of the combination of laser processing of C/C composites and other advanced manufacturing technologies is proposed.
- C/C composites /
- laser processing /
- ultra-short pulse laser /
- mechanism of action /
- combined machining

HTML全文

图 1 碳纤维增强碳基复合材料 (C/C) 示意图：(a) 三维建模^[6]；(b) 断层形貌^[7]

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of carbon fiber reinforced carbon matrix composites (C/C): (a) Three-dimensional modeling^[6]; (b) Fault morphology^[7]

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图 2 C/C复合材料致密化工艺流程图^[4]：(a) 液体浸渍-碳化工艺；(b) 化学气相沉积/化学气相渗透 (CVD/CVI) 工艺

Figure 2. Densification process diagram of C/C composite^[4]: (a) Liquid impregnation-carbonization process; (b) Chemical vapor deposition/chemical vapor infiltration (CVD/CVI) process

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图 3 C/C复合材料预制体 1#~5# ((a)~(e)) 的微观结构图^[16]

Figure 3. Microstructure of C/C composite preform 1#~5# ((a)-(e))^[16]

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图 4 C/C复合材料应用示例^[23]：(a) 齿轮；(b) 复杂零件

Figure 4. Application example of C/C composites^[23]: (a) Gear; (b) Complex parts

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图 5 C/C复合材料构件：(a) 飞机制动装置；(b) 刹车盘；(c) 指尖密封^[26]

Figure 5. C/C composite components: (a) Aircraft brake device; (b) Brake disc; (c) Finger seal^[26]

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图 6 车削加工形貌图^[31]：(a) 普通车削；(b) 超声振动辅助车削

Figure 6. Surface morphology of turning^[31]: (a) Ordinary turning; (b) Ultrasonic vibration-assisted turning

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图 7 钻削加工示意图和形貌图^[32]：(a) 钻削加工；(b) 毛刺；(c) 局部放大

Figure 7. Schematic and morphology images of drilling ^[32]: (a) Drilling process; (b) Fin; (c) Partial enlargement

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图 8 线切割加工形貌图^[31]：(a) 线切割；(b) 砂线切割

Figure 8. Morphology images of wire cutting^[31]: (a) Wire cutting; (b) Wire sawing

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图 9 水射流加工形貌图^[41]：(a) 材料分层；(b) 纤维撕裂

Figure 9. Morphology images of water jet machining^[41]: (a) Delamination; (b) Fiber tearing

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图 10 电火花加工碳纤维增强复合材料形貌图^[43]：(a) 表面形貌；(b) 分层形貌；(c) 重铸层

Figure 10. Morphology images of carbon fiber reinforced composite by electrical discharge machining^[43]: (a) Surface; (b) Delamination; (c) Recast layer

d—Maximum diameter of the damage zone; d_max—Hole diameter

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图 11 不同脉冲宽度激光与纤维增强复合材料的作用机制^[44]

Figure 11. Mechanism of interaction between fiber reinforced composites and laser with different pulse width^[44]

CMC—Ceramic matrix composite

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图 12 夹角为0° (a)、45°(b)和90°(c) 时ANSYS的仿真结果^[45]

Figure 12. Simulation results of ANSYS with included angle of 0° (a), 45° (b) and 90° (c)^[45]

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图 13 COMSOL仿真结果^[46]：(a) 烧蚀100秒温度分布；(b) 形态变化区温度分布；(c) 加工形貌

Figure 13. Results of COMSOL simulation^[46]: (a) Temperature distribution of ablation after 100 seconds; (b) Temperature distribution in morphological change zone; (c) Processing morphology

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图 14 C/C复合材料仿真结果对比^[47]：(a) 离焦状态；(b) 聚焦状态

Figure 14. Comparison of simulation results of C/C composite^[47]: (a) Defocus state; (b) Focus state

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图 15 C/C复合材料表面烧蚀形貌图^[46]：(a) 激光烧蚀前；(b) 激光烧蚀100 s后；(c) 局部放大

Figure 15. Surface ablation morphology of C/C composites^[46]: (a) Before laser ablation; (b) After 100 s of laser ablation ; (c) Partial enlargement

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图 16 微观形貌SEM图像^[55]：(a) 圆形端部海绵状结构；(b) 二维有序椎体

Figure 16. SEM images of microstructure^[55]: (a) Circular end spongy structure; (b) Two dimensions ordered vertebral morphology

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图 17 不同激光功率加工C/C复合材料的SEM图像^[56]

Figure 17. SEM images of C/C composites processed by different laser power^[56]

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图 18 速度250 mm/s、功率1600 W时不同扫描次数时微槽形貌SEM图像对比^[64]: (a) 扫描5次; (b) 扫描10次

Figure 18. SEM images comparison of micro groove morphology under different scanning times at the speed of 250 mm/s and power of 1600 W^[64]: (a) Scanning for 5 times; (b) Scanning for 10 times

MEW—Matrix evaporation width; MRW—Matrix recession width; A, B—Thermal damage is more prominent in the region where the fibers are aligned perpendicular to the laser scanning direction

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图 19 多级同心圆结构^[65]：((a)~(c)) 离焦量；((d)~(f)) 激光功率；((g)~(i)) 脉冲数

Figure 19. Multi-layer circular structure^[65]: ((a)-(c)) Defocusing distance; ((d)-(f)) Laser power; ((g)-(i)) Number of pulses

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图 20 飞秒激光加工碳纤维增强复合材料的表面形貌图^[72]: ((a)~(c)) 功率为1 W，扫描次数分别为1、3、5次; ((d)~(f)) 功率为0.5 W，扫描次数分别为1、3、5次

Figure 20. Surface morphology of carbon fiber reinforced composites processed by femtosecond laser^[72]: ((a)-(c)) Number of scanning is 1, 3, 5 times under 1 W power respectively; ((d)-(f)) Number of scanning is 1, 3, 5 times under 0.5 W power respectively

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图 21 飞秒激光加工碳纤维增强复合材料内部形貌图^[74]: ((a)~(c)) 功率为1 W，离焦量分别为0、10、50 μm; ((d), (e)) 局部放大

Figure 21. Internal morphology of carbon fiber reinforced composites processed by femtosecond laser^[74]: ((a)-(c)) Defocus distance is 0, 10, 50 μm under 1 W power respectively; ((d), (e)) Partial enlargement

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