Construction of microstructured composite coatings based on polyetheramine ED900-tannic acid and cytocompatibility study
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摘要: 为改善医用材料的生物相容性并赋予材料表面一定的生物学功能，本文以单宁酸(TA)和聚醚胺ED900为组装单元，通过层层自组装的方法制备了复合涂层。采用纳米粒度仪、Zeta电位分析仪、紫外分光光度计、红外光谱、石英晶体微天平(QCM-D) 、扫描电子显微镜等仪器对ED900-TA复合溶液行为及复合涂层的理化性质进行表征。通过细胞实验考察了涂层对细胞行为的影响。利用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)法和总抗氧化能力检测试剂盒(FRAP)法评价了涂层的抗氧化性。最后，分别通过琼脂糖插入实验和细胞培养液浸泡研究涂层的稳定性。结果表明：ED900-TA涂层具有良好的细胞相容性和抗氧化性，表面的微结构呈现调控亲/憎细胞的能力。此外，涂层在模拟植入的过程未出现脱落。并在细胞培养条件下，涂层形貌在21天的评价周期内无显著变化。该复合涂层为生物材料表面多功能化提供了新思路。Abstract: To improve biocompatibility of biomaterials and endow the surface with biological functions, a new type of composite coatings was developed using the natural biomacromolecule tannic acid (TA) and polyetheramine ED900 through a layer-by-layer self-assembly method. The behavior of ED900-TA complexation in water and the physical/chemical properties of the ED900-TA coatings were characterized using nanoparticle sizer, Zeta potential analyzer, UV-vis spectrophotometer, FTIR spectrometer, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D), and SEM. The effect of coatings on cell behavior was investigated in vitro. The anti-oxidative property was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) and total antioxidant capacity assay kit (FRAP) assays. Finally, coating stability was evaluated by agarose insertion and incubation in cell culture medium. The results show the coatings being biocompatible and anti-oxidative. Depending on the surface microstructures, the coatings can be cytophilic or cytophobic. Besides, the coatings can withstand the shear force of insertion and the morphology is maintained up to 21 days in culture medium. This composite coating provides a new option for surface functionalization of biomaterials.
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图 1 单宁酸(TA) (a)和聚醚胺 ED900 (b) (x+z：~6； y：~12.5) 化学结构式
Figure 1. Chemical structures of tannic acid (TA) (a) and polyetheramine ED900 (b) (x+z: ~6; y: ~12.5)
图 2 ED900-TA水溶液复合(2 mg/mL ED900 与2 mg/mL TA等体积混合)对混合物粒径、Zeta电位及浊度的影响：((a)、(b)) pH 值；((c)、(d)) 时间(ED900 (pH 7)、TA (pH 5))；((e)、(f)) TA溶液浓度
Figure 2. Effect of ED900-TA solution on particle size, Zeta potential and turbidity of mixtures (Equal volume of 2 mg/mL ED900 with 2 mg/mL TA): ((a), (b)) pH; ((c), (d)) Time (ED900 (pH 7) and TA (pH 5)); ((e), (f)) TA concentration
图 3 (a) 尿素或十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)影响下ED900-TA 混合物的宏观状态及浊度随时间的变化；(b)各样品的紫外光谱
Figure 3. (a) Macroscopic state and turbidity changes of ED900-TA mixture as a function of time under the influence of urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); (b) UV-vis spectra of various samples
图 4 (a) 石英基底表面组装ED900-TA 8个循环过程的紫外光谱；(b) (ED900-TA)30、TA 和 ED900的红外光谱
Figure 4. (a) UV-vis study of assembly process for eight cycles of ED900-TA on quartz substrate; (b) FTIR spectra of (ED900-TA)30, TA and ED900
图 5 石英晶体微天平 (QCM-D) 研究ED900-TA组装过程中频率及耗散随时间的变化(竖直箭头为冲洗步骤) (插图为净频率随循环周期的变化)
Figure 5. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) study frequency and dissipation changes as a function of time during assembly of ED900-TA (Vertical arrows indicate rinsing steps) (Inset: Net change in frequency as a function of assembly cycles)
ΔF—Frequency change; ΔD—Dissipation change
图 6 (ED900-TA)n (n=4、8、16、20)涂层的形貌表征：(a) 水合条件下光学显微镜图像及粒径分析；(b) 干燥条件下SEM图像及粒径分析
Figure 6. Surface morphologies of (ED900-TA)n (n=4, 8, 16, 20) coatings: (a) Optical microscope images and size analysis of hydrated samples; (b) SEM images and size analysis of dry samples
图 7 (ED900-TA)n (n=4、8、16、20)样品的水接触角与水滴照片(a)及表面TA浓度量化(b)
Figure 7. (a) Water contact angles and water droplets photos of (ED900-TA)n (n=4, 8, 16, 20) samples; (b) Quantification of surface concentrations of TA
图 8 硅片及ED900-TA涂层上培养24 h的L929细胞的活/死染色结果(活细胞：绿色；受损细胞：红色)
Figure 8. Live/dead staining of L929 cells on silicon and ED900-TA coatings after 24 h culture (Viable cells: Green; Damaged cells: Red)
图 9 L929细胞在ED900-TA涂层的响应：(a) 24 h时细胞SEM图像和荧光图像；((b)、(c)) 各个样品表面细胞在不同培养时间点的荧光图像和细胞数量化统计图 (平均值±std (标准差)，样本数n=4，*代表概率p < 0.05，**代表p < 0.01)
Figure 9. L929 cell response of ED900-TA coating: (a) SEM and fluorescent images of cells cultured for 24 h; ((b), (c)) Fluorescent images and cell number quantification at various time points (Average ± std (Standard deviation), number of samples n = 4, * indicates probability p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01)
NS—Not significant
图 10 PC12细胞在ED900-TA涂层的响应：(a) 24 h时的细胞SEM图像和荧光图像；((b)、(c)) 各个样品表面细胞在不同培养时间点的荧光图像和细胞数量化统计图(平均值 ± std，n=4，**代表p < 0.01，***代表p < 0.001)
Figure 10. PC12 cell response of ED900-TA coating: (a) SEM images and fluorescent images of cells cultured for 24 h; ((b), (c)) Fluorescent images and cell number quantification at various time points (Average ± std, n=4, ** indicates p < 0.01, *** indicates p < 0.001)
图 11 (a) 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)溶液分别与硅片和ED900-TA涂层作用后的紫外光谱；(b) ED900-TA涂层总抗氧化性
Figure 11. (a) UV-vis spectra of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) solution after incubation with silicon substrates with or without various repeats of ED900-TA assembly; (b) Total antioxidant activity of silicon substrates with various modifications
图 12 (ED900-TA)n (n=4、8、16、20)涂层插入0.2%琼脂糖凝胶的稳定性：(a) 涂层插入琼脂糖凝胶的照片；(b) 涂层插入部分的光学图像
Figure 12. Stability of the (ED900-TA)n (n=4, 8, 16, 20) coating inserted into 0.2% agarose gel: (a) Photographs; (b) Optical microscope images of inserted surfaces
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