玻璃纤维立体织物增强环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料的制备及力学性能

李华冠; 丁颖; 章月; 项俊贤; 汪杰; 李建春

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220120.001

玻璃纤维立体织物增强环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料的制备及力学性能

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220120.001

李华冠^{1, 2, ,},
丁颖¹,
章月¹,
项俊贤²,
汪杰¹,
李建春¹

1.
南京工程学院　材料科学与工程学院，南京 211167
2.
南京航空航天大学　材料学院，南京 210016

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 (52175327)；2021年江苏省研究生实践创新计划项目碳纤维-铝合金超混杂复合管的旋压成形及吸能机制(SJCX21_0918)；青蓝工程；中国科协青年人才托举工程(2021QNRC001)；江苏省高等学校基础科学研究项目(22KJA430006)

详细信息

通讯作者:
李华冠，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为超混杂复合材料及夹层结构设计制造技术　E-mail: lihuaguan@njit.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332；TQ327.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-22
- 修回日期: 2021-12-21
- 录用日期: 2022-01-05
- 网络出版日期: 2022-01-20
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-15

Preparation and mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced 3D fabric reinforced epoxy foam sandwich composites

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China
2.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (52175327); 2021 Jiangsu Province Postgraduate Practice Innovation Plan Project (SJCX21_0918); Jiangsu Qing-Lan Project; Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2021QNRC001); Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institution of China (22KJA430006)

摘要

摘要: 为了进一步提高泡沫夹层复合材料的承载能力和综合性能，实现其在轨道交通及汽车等工业领域的应用，开展了玻璃纤维立体织物增强环氧树脂泡沫(GF-Fabric/EP)复合材料的制备及其力学性能的研究。制备GF-Fabric/EP复合材料及其夹层结构，探索了GF-Fabric/EP复合材料及其夹层结构的失效行为，以揭示立体织物的增强机制。结果表明：立体织物的引入可显著改善GF-Fabric/EP复合材料的强度、刚度及破坏应变；但在不同承载条件下，各纱线发挥承载作用和效果不同。面板、芯材各自的性能、尺寸及面/芯界面性能均是影响GF-Fabric/EP夹层复合材料力学性能及失效特征的重要因素。以三点加载下的弯曲性能为例，针对不同的GF-Fabric/EP夹层复合材料，需调整跨厚比和试样尺寸并获得理想的失效特征，方可对其弯曲性能或层间剪切性能进行有效、合理的评价。
- 环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料 /
- 立体织物 /
- 力学性能 /
- 有限元模拟 /
- 失效机制
Abstract: The preparation and mechanical properties of glass fiber 3D fabric reinforced epoxy foam composites (GF-Fabric/EP composites) were studied in order to further improve the bearing capacity and comprehensive properties of foam sandwich composite materials and realize its application in rail transit and automobile industry. The GF-Fabric/EP composite and its sandwich structure were fabricated. The failure behavior of GF-Fabric/EP composite and its sandwich structure were explored to reveal the reinforcing mechanism of the 3D fabric. The results show that the introduction of 3D fabric can significantly improve the strength, stiffness and failure strain of GF Fabric/EP composites. However, under different load-bearing conditions, each yarn plays a different role and effect. The properties, dimensions and surface/core interface properties of panel and core materials are important factors affecting the mechanical properties and failure characteristics of GF Fabric/EP sandwich composites. Taking the bending properties under three-point loading as an example, for different GF Fabric/EP sandwich composites, it is necessary to adjust the span thickness ratio and specimen size and obtain ideal failure characteristics before effective and reasonable evaluation of their bending properties or interlaminar shear properties.
- epoxy foam sandwich composite /
- 3D fabric /
- mechanical properties /
- finite element simulation /
- failure mechanism

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图 1 玻璃纤维立体织物示意图：(a) 整体外观；(b) 俯视图；(c) 经纱截面；(d) 纬纱截面

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of glass fiber three-dimensional fabric: (a) Overall appearance; (b) Top view; (c) Warp cross section; (d) Weft cross section

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图 2 玻璃纤维立体织物增强环氧树脂泡沫(GF-Fabric/EP)复合材料及夹层结构的制备流程示意图

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of preparation process of glass fiber 3D fabric reinforced epoxy foam (GF-Fabric/EP) composites and sandwich structure

A—Bisphenol A epoxy resin; B—Curing agent

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图 3 试验过程示意图：(a) 压缩试验；(b) 拉伸试验；(c) 弯曲试验

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of test process: (a) Compression test; (b) Tensile test; (c) Bending test

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图 4 GF-Fabric/EP复合材料压缩有限元模型

Figure 4. Compression finite element model of GF-Fabric/EP composite

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图 5 GF-Fabric/EP复合材料三点弯曲有限元模型

Figure 5. Three-point bending finite element model of GF-Fabric/EP composite

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图 6 GF-Fabric/EP复合材料与环氧树脂泡沫及其夹层复合材料的对比：(a) 载荷-位移曲线；(b) 压缩强度、压缩模量对比；(c) 试验与模拟载荷-位移曲线对比

Figure 6. Comparison of GF-Fabric/EP composites with epoxy foams and their sandwich composites: (a) Load-displacement curves; (b) Comparison of compressive strength and modulus; (c) Comparison between test and simulated load-displacement curves

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图 7 GF-Fabric/EP复合材料压缩仿真应力云图((a)~(c))及实际失效图(d)

Figure 7. Stress nephogram ((a)-(c)) and actual failure diagram (d) of GF-fabric/EP composite compression simulation

S—Stress (MPa); S₁₁—0° fiber direction stress; SNEG—Distance from the middle plane of the unit to the reference plane; HSN—Hashin; MC—Matrix compressive; CRT—Criteria

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图 8 模拟失效过程应变云图：(a) 环氧树脂泡沫；(b) 玻璃纤维中空织物填充的环氧树脂泡沫

Figure 8. Strain nephogram of simulated failure process: (a) Epoxy resin foam; (b) Epoxy resin foam filled with glass fiber 3D hollow fabric

LE—Strain; LE11—0° fiber direction strain

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图 9 GF-Fabric/EP复合材料与环氧树脂泡沫及其夹层结构的弯曲性能：(a) 载荷-位移曲线；(b) 弯曲强度、弯曲模量对比；(c) 0.5 mm/1.5 mm厚铝合金面板夹层结构载荷-位移曲线对比

Figure 9. Bending performance of GF-Fabric/EP composite and epoxy foam and their sandwich structures: (a) Load-displacement curves; (b) Comparison of bending strength and modulus; (c) Comparison of load-displacement curves of 0.5 mm/1.5 mm thick aluminum alloy panel sandwich structures

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图 10 玻璃纤维立体织物弯曲过程变量云图

Figure 10. Variable nephogram of bending process of glass fiber 3D fabric

LE12—Strain on X-Z plane

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图 11 GF-Fabric/EP复合材料模拟(a)与试验失效形貌((b)、(c))对比

Figure 11. Comparison of simulated (a) and experimental failure morphology ((b), (c)) of GF-Fabric/EP composites

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图 12 环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料的弯曲过程破坏应力云图：((a)~(c)) 铝合金面板；((e)、(f)) 环氧树脂泡沫

Figure 12. Failure stress nephogram of epoxy foam sandwich composites during bending process: ((a)-(c)) Aluminum alloy panels; ((e), (f)) Epoxy foam

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图 13 环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料的弯曲过程形态示意图

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of bending process of epoxy foam sandwich composite

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图 14 环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料的弯曲破坏变形位移((a)~(c))及环氧树脂泡沫应力云图(d)

Figure 14. Bending failure deformation displacement of epoxy foam sandwich composite ((a)-(c)) and stress nephogram of epoxy foam (d)

U—Displacement (mm); U₁—Displacement in the X-axis direction

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图 15 环氧树脂泡沫夹层复合材料(a)与GF-Fabric/EP夹层复合材料(b)的弯曲失效形貌

Figure 15. Bending failure morphologies of epoxy foam sandwich composite (a) and GF-Fabric/EP sandwich composite (b)

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表 1 环氧树脂泡沫的材料参数

Table 1. Material parameters of epoxy foam

Property	Performance	Parameter value
Elastic properties	Young modulus/MPa	27.23
Elastic properties	Poisson’s ratio	0
Crushable foam properties	Compression yield stress ratio	0.75
Crushable foam properties	Plastic Poisson’s ratio	0

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表 2 玻璃纤维立体织物基本力学性能参数

Table 2. Basic mechanical property parameters of glass fiber 3D fabric

Performance	Direction	Parameter value
Density/(g·mm⁻³)	—	2.6×10⁻³
Elastic modulus/MPa	E₁₂	45000
	E₁₃	5000
	E₂₃	5000
Poisson’s ratio	ν₁₂	0.33
	ν₁₃	0.33
	ν₂₃	0.45
Shear modulus/MPa	G₁₂	5500
	G₁₃	5500
	G₂₃	3000
Notes: 1—Fiber direction; 2 and 3—Two normal directions of the fiber.

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表 3 玻璃纤维立体织物的强度参数和损伤演化参数

Table 3. Strength parameters and damage evolution parameters of glass fiber 3D fabric

Performance	Direction	Parameter value
Strength/MPa	X_t	1500
	X_c	1000
	Y_t	100
	Y_c	100
	S	50
Fracture toughness/ (kJ·m⁻²)	G_ft	12.5
	G_fc	12.5
	G_mt	1.0
	G_mc	1.0
Notes: X_t—Fiber direction stretching; Y_t—Fiber direction compression; X_c—Stretching perpendicular to the fiber direction; Y_c—Compression perpendicular to the fiber direction; S—Shearing stress; Three-dimensional Hashin criterion divides the material failure into four categories: Fiber tensile failure (G_ft), fiber compression failure (G_fc), matrix tensile failure (G_mt) and matrix compression failure (G_mc).

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表 4 玻璃纤维立体织物与环氧树脂泡沫界面层材料参数

Table 4. Material parameters of glass fiber 3D fabric and epoxy foam interface layer

Parameter	Direction	Parameter value
Initial stiffness/(N·mm⁻¹)	K_n0 K_s0 K_t0	10⁶ 10⁶ 10⁶
Interface strength/MPa	τ_n0 τ_s0 τ_t0	6 6 6
Notes: K_n0—Normal stiffness; K_s0—In-plane shear stiffness; K_t0—Transverse shear stiffness; n−Normal direction; s, t−Shear-sense.

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表 5 铝合金/环氧树脂泡沫界面层材料参数

Table 5. Material parameters of aluminum alloy/epoxy foam interface layer

Parameter	Direction	Parameter value
Initial stiffness/(N·mm⁻³)	$ {K}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{n}}^{0}{=K}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}}^{0}{=K}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{t}}^{0} $	10⁶
Interface strength/MPa	$ {t}_{\mathrm{n}}^{0} $	2.82
Interface strength/MPa	$ {t}_{\mathrm{s}}^{0}={t}_{\mathrm{t}}^{0} $	20.62
Fracture energy/(kJ·m⁻²)	$ {G}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}} $	0.20
Fracture energy/(kJ·m⁻²)	$ {G}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}} $	0.34
Mixed mode index	η	1.45
Notes: IC—Type I interlayer energy release rate; IIC—Type II interlayer energy release rate.

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