Cs3Bi2I9薄膜的制备及其太阳能电池的数值模拟

任雨轩; 柏晨; 丁伟; 方栋; 密保秀; 高志强

Cs₃Bi₂I₉薄膜的制备及其太阳能电池的数值模拟

任雨轩¹,
柏晨²,
丁伟¹,
方栋¹,
密保秀^1, ,,
高志强²

1.
南京邮电大学　材料科学与工程学院, 江苏南京 210023
2.
南京邮电大学　先进材料研究院, 江苏南京 210023

基金项目: 南京邮电大学有机电子与信息显示国家重点实验室项目(2009DS690095)

详细信息

通讯作者:
密保秀，博士，教授，硕士生/博士生导师，研究方向为有机太阳能电池功能材料及器件　E-mail: iambxmi@njupt.edu.cn

中图分类号: TM914.4+2; TB333
计量
- 文章访问数: 53
- HTML全文浏览量: 24
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-04-08
- 修回日期: 2024-05-08
- 录用日期: 2024-05-18
- 网络出版日期: 2024-06-18

Thin-films preparation of Cs₃Bi₂I₉ and numerical simulation of solar cells

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
2.
Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications,Nanjing 210023, China)

Funds: State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (2009DS690095).

摘要

摘要: 近年来，人们致力于探索新型无铅无机钙钛矿材料，旨在追赶铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能。在本工作中，首次使用分层交替蒸镀BiI₃和CsI薄膜的方式成功制备了质量较好的无铅无机Cs₃Bi₂I₉薄膜，并通过真空蒸镀将KI掺杂到Cs₃Bi₂I₉薄膜中，获得的薄膜带隙减小、激子寿命增加。将上述两种薄膜作为活性层，制备了结构为ITO/CuPc/活性层/C60/Al的太阳能电池。为了提高这类太阳能电池的性能，使用SCAPS-1D太阳能电池模拟软件对上述结构的器件进行数值模拟，以获得最佳器件的参数。模拟器件各功能层的厚度经过优化且增加活性层供体掺杂浓度后，最大功率转换效率只有8.62%。然后，选取其他合适的空穴传输材料以及电子传输材料以优化器件结构，模拟出的最佳器件表现出25.66%的功率转换效率。这项工作为后续实验制备Cs₃Bi₂I₉薄膜太阳能电池提供了理论指导。
- 钙钛矿 /
- Cs₃Bi₂I₉ /
- 分层交替蒸镀 /
- 薄膜太阳能电池 /
- SCAPS-1 D
Abstract: In recent years, there has been a concerted effort to explore novel lead-free inorganic perovskite materials with the aim of matching the performance of lead-based perovskite solar cells. In this work, relatively high quality lead-free inorganic Cs₃Bi₂I₉ films were successfully prepared for the first time using a layered alternating evaporation technique for BiI₃ and CsI films. By doping KI into the Cs₃Bi₂I₉ films through vacuum evaporation, it results in a reduced bandgap and an increased exciton lifetime. The above two thin-films were used as active layers to fabricate solar cells with the structure of ITO/CuPc/active layer/C60/Al. In order to improve the performance of this type of solar cell, numerical simulations of devices based on Cs₃Bi₂I₉ thin-films were conducted using the SCAPS-1D solar cell simulation software to obtain the optimal device parameters. After optimizing the thickness of each functional layer of the simulated device and increasing the doping concentration of the donor in the active layer, only a modest maximum power conversion efficiency of 8.62% was achieved. Subsequently, other suitable hole and electron transport materials were chosen to optimize the device structure. The best simulated device exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 25.66%. This work provides theoretical guidance for the subsequent experimental preparation of Cs₃Bi₂I₉ thin-film solar cells.
- perovskite /
- Cs₃Bi₂I₉ /
- layered alternating evaporation /
- thin-film solar cells /
- SCAPS-1 D

HTML全文

图 1 CBI和CBIK薄膜以及原料BiI₃、CsI和KI粉末的XRD图谱

Figure 1. XRD patterns of CBI and CBIK films, raw materials BiI₃, CsI, and KI powders

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 (a) CBI和 (b) CBIK薄膜的俯视SEM图像

Figure 2. Top view SEM images of (a) CBI and (b) CBIK film

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 (a) CBI和CBIK薄膜的紫外-可见光吸收光谱；(b) CBI薄膜和CBIK薄膜的光学吸收带隙图；(c) CBI和CBIK薄膜的PL光谱

Figure 3. (a) UV-vis absorption spectra of CBI and CBIK film; (b) Optical absorption bandgap diagram of CBI and CBIK film; (c) PL spectra of CBI and CBIK film

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 器件结构为ITO/CuPc (50 nm)/CBIK(300 nm)/C60 (150 nm)/Al薄膜太阳能电池的

(a) J-V曲线、(b) 器件照片以及 (c) 显微镜下器件表面

Figure 4. (a) J-V curve, (b) Device photograph, and (c) device surface under the microscope of the thin-film solar cell with structure of ITO/CuPc (50 nm)/CBIK(300 nm)/C60 (150 nm)/Al

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 (a) 模拟器件的结构示意图；(b) 模拟器件的能级图

Figure 5. (a) Device structure and (b) energy level diagram of the simulated device

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 活性层Cs₃Bi₂I₉的厚度对(a) J-V曲线、(b) V_OC、J_SC、FF和PCE以及 (c) 量子效率的影响

Figure 6. Effect of active-layer thickness (Cs₃Bi₂I₉) on (a) J-V curves, (b) V_OC, J_SC, FF and PCE, and (c) quantum efficiency

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 空穴传输层CuPc的厚度对(a) J-V曲线、(b) V_OC、J_SC、FF和PCE以及 (c) 量子效率的影响

Figure 7. Effect of hole-transport-layer thickness (CuPc) on (a) J-V curves, (b) V_OC, J_SC, FF and PCE, and (c) quantum efficiency

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 电子传输层C60的厚度对(a) J-V曲线、(b) V_OC、J_SC、FF和PCE以及 (c) 量子效率的影响

Figure 8. Effect of electron-transport-layer thickness (C60) on (a) J-V curves, (b) V_OC, J_SC, FF and PCE, and (c) quantum efficiency

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 (a) Cs₃Bi₂I₉层、(b) CuPc/Cs₃Bi₂I₉界面、(c) Cs₃Bi₂I₉/C60界面的缺陷密度对器件性能的影响

Figure 9. Effect of defect density at (a) Cs₃Bi₂I₉ layer, (b) CuPc/ Cs₃Bi₂I₉ interface, and (c) Cs₃Bi₂I₉/C60 interface, to device performance.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 Cs₃Bi₂I₉层供体掺杂对 (a) V_OC、J_SC、FF和PCE、(b) 生成率、(c) 复合率、(d) 电子密度、(e) 空穴密度以及(f) 总载流子密度的影响

Figure 10. Effect of donor-doping in Cs₃Bi₂I₉ layer on (a) V_OC, J_SC, FF, and PCE, (b) generation rate, (c) recombination rate, (d) electron density, (e) hole density, and (f) total carrier density

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 不同空穴传输层与电子传输层对 (a) J-V曲线、(b) V_OC、J_SC、FF和PCE、(c) 量子效率、(d) 复合率、(e) 生成率以及(f) 总载流子密度的影响

Figure 11. Effect of different hole transport layer and electron transport layer on (a) J-V curves, (b) V_OC, J_SC, FF, and PCE, (c) quantum efficiency, (d) recombination rate, (e) generation rate, and (f) total carrier density

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 空穴传输层、钙钛矿(活性层)和电子传输层的参数

Table 1. Parameters of hole transport layer, perovskite (active layer) and electron transport layer

Parameters	CuPc	Cs₃Bi₂I₉	C60
Thickness/nm	50	500	150
Band gap, E_g/eV	1.7*	2.2*	1.9*
Electron affinity, X/eV	3.50	3.55	4.50
Dielectric permittivity (relative), ε_r	10.381	9.680	5.000
CB effective density of states, N_C/cm⁻³	2.50 × 10²⁰	4.98 × 10¹⁹	2.20 × 10¹⁸
VB effective density of states, N_V/cm⁻³	2.50 × 10²⁰	2.11 × 10¹⁹	1.80 × 10¹⁹
Electron thermal velocity/(cm·s⁻¹)	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷
Hole thermal velocity/(cm·s⁻¹)	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷
Electron mobility, μ_n/(cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹)	0.355	4.300	0.010
Hole mobility, μ_h/(cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹)	1.680	1.700	0.010
Shallow uniform acceptor density, N_A/cm⁻³	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10⁹	0
Shallow uniform donor density, N_D/cm⁻³	0	1 × 10⁹	2 × 10¹⁸
Defect density, N_t/cm⁻³	1 × 10¹³	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10¹⁴
Notes: * Experimental data from this work; CuPc: Copper(II) phthalocyanine.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 空穴传输层及电子传输层的参数

Table 2. Parameters for hole transport and electron transport layers

Parameters	PEDOT:PSS	CuI	CuSCN	ZnO	SnO₂	PCBM
Thickness/nm	50	100	50	50	100	50
Band gap, E_g/eV	1.6	3.1	3.6	3.5	3.6	2.0
Electron affinity, X/eV	3.4	2.1	1.7	4.0	4.0	3.9
Dielectric permittivity (relative), ε_r	3.0	6.5	10	90	9.0	3.9
CB effective density of states, N_C/cm⁻³	2.2 × 10¹⁸	2.8 × 10¹⁹	2.2 × 10¹⁹	3.7 × 10¹⁸	2.2 × 10¹⁸	2.5 × 10²¹
VB effective density of states, N_V/cm⁻³	1.8 × 10¹⁹	1.0 × 10¹⁹	1.8 × 10¹⁸	1.8 × 10¹⁹	1.8 × 10¹⁹	2.5 × 10²¹
Electron thermal velocity/(cm·s⁻¹)	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷
Hole thermal velocity/(cm·s⁻¹)	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷	1 × 10⁷
Electron mobility, μ_n/(cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹)	0.045	100	100	100	100	0.200
Hole mobility, μ_h/(cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹)	0.045	43.900	25	25	25	0.200
Shallow uniform acceptor density, N_A/cm⁻³	1 × 10¹⁸	1 × 10¹⁸	1 × 10¹⁸	0	0	0
Shallow uniform donor density, N_D/cm⁻³	0	0	0	1 × 10¹⁸	1 × 10¹⁷	2.9 × 10¹⁷
Defect density, N_t/cm⁻³	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10¹⁵	1 × 10¹⁵
Notes: PEDOT: PSS: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate); PCBM: Methyl [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyrate.

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	BURSCHKA J, PELLET N, MOON S J, et al. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells[J]. Nature, 2013, 499(7458): 316-319. doi: 10.1038/nature12340
[2]	MEI A, LI X, LIU L, et al. A hole-conductor–free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability[J]. Science, 2014, 345(6194): 295-298. doi: 10.1126/science.1254763
[3]	TIAN R, ZHOU S, MENG Y, et al. Material and Device Design of Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells for Next-Generation Power Supplies[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024: 2311473.
[4]	ZHOU J, TAN L, LIU Y, et al. Highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells via a multifunctional hole transporting material[J]. Joule, 2024: S2542435124001028.
[5]	ZHOU Y, ZHAO Y. Chemical stability and instability of inorganic halide perovskites[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2019, 12(5): 1495-1511.
[6]	LI Y, CHEN J, CAI P, et al. An electrochemically neutralized energy-assisted low-cost acid-alkaline electrolyzer for energy-saving electrolysis hydrogen generation[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(12): 4948-4954. doi: 10.1039/C7TA10374C
[7]	LEE L C, HUQ T N, MACMANUS-DRISCOLL J L, et al. Research Update: Bismuth-based perovskite-inspired photovoltaic materials[J]. APL Materials, 2018, 6(8): 084502. doi: 10.1063/1.5029484
[8]	HWANG T Y, CHOI Y, SONG Y, et al. A noble gas sensor platform: linear dense assemblies of single-walled carbon nanotubes (LACNTs) in a multi-layered ceramic/metal electrode system (MLES)[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2018, 6(5): 972-979. doi: 10.1039/C7TC03576D
[9]	CHEN X, JIA M, XU W, et al. Recent Progress and Challenges of Bismuth-Based Halide Perovskites for Emerging Optoelectronic Applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2023, 11(3): 2202153. doi: 10.1002/adom.202202153
[10]	ZHANG L, WANG K, ZOU B. Bismuth Halide Perovskite-Like Materials: Current Opportunities and Challenges[J]. ChemSusChem, 2019, 12(8): 1612-1630. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201802930
[11]	YANG B, CHEN J, HONG F, et al. Lead-Free, Air-Stable All-Inorganic Cesium Bismuth Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2017, 56(41): 12471-12475. doi: 10.1002/anie.201704739
[12]	LI M Q, HU Y Q, BI L Y, et al. Structure Tunable Organic–Inorganic Bismuth Halides for an Enhanced Two-Dimensional Lead-Free Light-Harvesting Material[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2017, 29(13): 5463-5467. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01017
[13]	WAYKAR R, BHORDE A, NAIR S, et al. Environmentally stable lead-free cesium bismuth iodide (Cs₃Bi₂I₉) perovskite: Synthesis to solar cell application[J]. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2020, 146: 109608. doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2020.109608
[14]	HU W, HE X, FANG Z, et al. Bulk heterojunction gifts bismuth-based lead-free perovskite solar cells with record efficiency[J]. Nano Energy, 2020, 68: 104362. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.104362
[15]	MCCALL K M, STOUMPOS C C, KOSTINA S S, et al. Strong Electron–Phonon Coupling and Self-Trapped Excitons in the Defect Halide Perovskites A₃M₂I₉ (A = Cs, Rb; M = Bi, Sb)[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2017, 29(9): 4129-4145. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01184
[16]	BU N, JIA S, XIAO Y, et al. Inch-size Cs₃Bi₂I₉ polycrystalline wafers with near-intrinsic properties for ultralow-detection-limit X-ray detection[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2022, 10(17): 6665-6672. doi: 10.1039/D2TC00599A
[17]	PARK B, PHILIPPE B, ZHANG X, et al. Bismuth Based Hybrid Perovskites A₃Bi₂I₉ (A: Methylammonium or Cesium) for Solar Cell Application[J]. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27(43): 6806-6813. doi: 10.1002/adma.201501978
[18]	KHADKA D B, SHIRAI Y, YANAGIDA M, et al. Tailoring the film morphology and interface band offset of caesium bismuth iodide-based Pb-free perovskite solar cells[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2019, 7(27): 8335-8343. doi: 10.1039/C9TC02181G
[19]	ATAEI M, ADELIFARD M, HOSSEINI S S. Physical Properties and Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Lead-Free A₃Bi₂I₉ (A = CH₃NH₃, Cs) Active Layers[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2021, 50(2): 571-579. doi: 10.1007/s11664-020-08580-2
[20]	HAMUKWAYA S L, HAO H, MASHINGAIDZE M M, et al. Potassium Iodide-Modified Lead-Free Cs₃Bi₂I₉ Perovskites for Enhanced High-Efficiency Solar Cells[J]. Nanomaterials, 2022, 12(21): 3751. doi: 10.3390/nano12213751
[21]	YUAN W, XU Y, DING T, et al. Environmental lead-free Cs₃Bi₂I₉ ﬁlms deposited by vapor transport deposition for stable all-inorganic solar cells[J]. Optical Materials, 2023, 139: 113815. doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2023.113815
[22]	BAI F, HU Y, HU Y, et al. Lead-free, air-stable ultrathin Cs₃Bi₂I₉ perovskite nanosheets for solar cells[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2018, 184: 15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2018.04.032
[23]	LIU M, JOHNSTON M B, SNAITH H J. Efficient planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells by vapour deposition[J]. Nature, 2013, 501(7467): 395-398. doi: 10.1038/nature12509
[24]	MALINKIEWICZ O, YELLA A, LEE Y H, et al. Perovskite solar cells employing organic charge-transport layers[J]. Nature Photonics, 2014, 8(2): 128-132. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2013.341
[25]	KIM Y C, YANG T Y, JEON N J, et al. Engineering interface structures between lead halide perovskite and copper phthalocyanine for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells[J]. Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, 10(10): 2109-2116. doi: 10.1039/C7EE01931A
[26]	TORABI N, RAHNAMANIC A, AMROLLAHI H, et al. Performance enhancement of perovskite solar cell by controlling deposition temperature of copper phthalocyanine as a dopant-free hole transporting layer[J]. Organic Electronics, 2017, 48: 211-216. doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2017.06.007
[27]	HAN J, TU Y, LIU Z, et al. Efficient and stable inverted planar perovskite solar cells using dopant-free CuPc as hole transport layer[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, 273: 273-281. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.055
[28]	HU H, WONG K, KOLLEK T, et al. Highly Efficient Reproducible Perovskite Solar Cells Prepared by Low-Temperature Processing[J]. Molecules, 2016, 21(4): 542. doi: 10.3390/molecules21040542
[29]	SAID A A, AYDIN E, UGUR E, et al. Sublimed C60 for efficient and repeatable perovskite-based solar cells[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 708. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-44974-0
[30]	BURGELMAN M, NOLLET P, DEGRAVE S. Modelling polycrystalline semiconductor solar cells[J]. Thin Solid Films, 2000, 361-362: 527-532. doi: 10.1016/S0040-6090(99)00825-1
[31]	BASAK A, SINGH U P. Numerical modelling and analysis of earth abundant Sb₂S₃ and Sb₂Se₃ based solar cells using SCAPS-1D[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2021, 230: 111184. doi: 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111184
[32]	PINDOLIA G, PANDYA J, SHINDE S, et al. Fluorinated copper phthalocyanine as an electron transport material in perovskite solar cell[J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2022, 46(11): 15127-15142. doi: 10.1002/er.8211
[33]	AHMAD K, KHAN M Q, KHAN R A, et al. Numerical simulation and fabrication of Pb-free perovskite solar cells (FTO/TiO₂/Cs₃Bi₂I₉/spiro-MeOTAD/Au)[J]. Optical Materials, 2022, 128: 112458. doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2022.112458
[34]	QIRONG Z, BAO Z, YONGMAO H, et al. A study on numerical simulation optimization of perovskite solar cell based on CuI and C60[J]. Materials Research Express, 2022, 9(3): 036401. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ac5a34
[35]	DING J, ZHANG T, MEI H, et al. Effects of Negative Bias Voltage and Ratio of Nitrogen and Argon on the Structure and Properties of NbN Coatings Deposited by HiPIMS Deposition System[J]. Coatings, 2017, 8(1): 10. doi: 10.3390/coatings8010010
[36]	SERPONE N, LAWLESS D, KHAIRUTDINOV R. Size Effects on the Photophysical Properties of Colloidal Anatase TiO₂ Particles: Size Quantization versus Direct Transitions in This Indirect Semiconductor?[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1995, 99(45): 16646-16654. doi: 10.1021/j100045a026
[37]	HONG K H, KIM J, DEBBICHI L, et al. Band Gap Engineering of Cs₃Bi₂I₉ Perovskites with Trivalent Atoms Using a Dual Metal Cation[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2017, 121(1): 969-974. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b12426
[38]	DEVASIA S, SHAJI S, AVELLANEDA D A, et al. In situ crystallization of 0D perovskite derivative Cs₃Bi₂I₉ thin films via ultrasonic spray[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2022, 893: 162294. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162294
[39]	TEWARI N, SHIVARUDRAIAH S B, HALPERT J E. Photorechargeable Lead-Free Perovskite Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Hexagonal Cs₃Bi₂I₉ Nanosheets[J]. Nano Letters, 2021, 21(13): 5578-5585. doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01000
[40]	ALI R F, ANDREU I, GATES B D. Green solvent assisted synthesis of cesium bismuth halide perovskite nanocrystals and the influences of slow and fast anion exchange rates[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 2019, 1(11): 4442-4449. doi: 10.1039/C9NA00586B
[41]	DRAGUTA S, THAKUR S, MOROZOV Y V, et al. Spatially Non-uniform Trap State Densities in Solution-Processed Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2016, 7(4): 715-721. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02888
[42]	BABAEV A A, SOKOLOVA A V, CHEREVKOV S A, et al. Beyond Charge Transfer: The Impact of Auger Recombination and FRET on PL Quenching in an rGO-QDs System[J]. Nanomaterials, 2021, 11(6): 1623. doi: 10.3390/nano11061623
[43]	ZHANG Y, LIU X, LI P, et al. Dopamine-crosslinked TiO₂/perovskite layer for efficient and photostable perovskite solar cells under full spectral continuous illumination[J]. Nano Energy, 2019, 56: 733-740. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.11.068
[44]	ISHII H, SUGIYAMA K, ITO E, et al. Energy Level Alignment and Interfacial Electronic Structures at Organic/Metal and Organic/Organic Interfaces[J]. Advanced Materials, 1999, 11(8): 605-625. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199906)11:8<605::AID-ADMA605>3.0.CO;2-Q
[45]	LI X, CHEN Y, SANG J, et al. CuPc/C60 bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells with evidence of phase segregation[J]. Organic Electronics, 2013, 14(1): 250-254. doi: 10.1016/j.orgel.2012.10.041
[46]	WU Z, YANG Z, XUE K, et al. Performance enhancement of single layer organic light-emitting diodes using chlorinated indium tin oxide as the anode[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(20): 11255-11261. doi: 10.1039/C7RA13355C
[47]	KUMARI P, PUNIA U, SHARMA D, et al. Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance of PEDOT: PSS/Si Heterojunction Solar Cell with ZnO BSF Layer: A Simulation Study using SCAPS-1D[J]. Silicon, 2023, 15(5): 2099-2112. doi: 10.1007/s12633-022-02163-y
[48]	YUAN J, BAO H, LIU H, et al. Mixed solvent atmosphere induces the surface termination state transition of perovskite to achieve matched energy level alignment[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 424: 130508. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.130508
[49]	束倩文, 李一宵, 冯莱. 倒置结构全无机钙钛矿太阳能电池的界面层研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2022, 39(5): 1859-1869. SHU Qianwen, LI Yixiao, FENG Lai. Research progress on the interface layer of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells with inverted structure[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2022, 39(5): 1859-1869(in Chinese).
[50]	周瑾璟, 钟敏. 铅卤钙钛矿太阳能电池界面工程的近期进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2022, 39(5): 1937-1955. ZHOU Jinjing, ZHONG Min. Recent progress in interface engineering of lead halide perovskite solar cells[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2022, 39(5): 1937-1955(in Chinese).
[51]	HOSSAIN M K, RUBEL M H K, TOKI G F I, et al. Effect of various electron and hole transport layers on the performance of CsPbI₃-based perovskite solar cells: A numerical investigation in DFT, SCAPS-1D, and wxAMPS frameworks[J].
[52]	鲍程鹏, 周亚杰, 董岚, 等. PEDOT: PSS及其纳米复合材料热电性质的研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 40(2): 649-664. BAO Chengpeng, ZHOU Yajie, DONG Lan, et al. Research progress on thermoelectric properties of PEDOT: PSS and its nanocomposites[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2023, 40(2): 649-664(in Chinese).
[53]	孙北, 郑申申, 迟文晖, 等. Cu_xO用于调控全无机碳基CsPbI₂Br钙钛矿太阳能电池的界面性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 40(5): 2818-2826. SUN Bei, ZHENG Shenshen, CHI Wenhui, et al. Cu_xO is used to regulate the interfacial properties of all-inorganic carbon-based CsPbI₂Br perovskite solar cells[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2023, 40(5): 2818-2826(in Chinese).