MWCNT-CB/PDMS复合电极介电弹性体驱动器的制备与性能优化

马丽; 丁井鲜; 张晓蝶; 申莉娜娃; 潘久红; 郭东杰

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220124.003

MWCNT-CB/PDMS复合电极介电弹性体驱动器的制备与性能优化

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220124.003

郑州轻工业大学　材料与化学工程学院，郑州 450001

基金项目: 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(20A530005)；教育部长江学者与创新团队发展计划(IRT1187)；国家自然科学基金面上项目(52275295)

详细信息

通讯作者:
郭东杰，博士，教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为电活性聚合物　E-mail: djguo@zzuli.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332; TB383
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-11-10
- 修回日期: 2022-01-04
- 录用日期: 2022-01-15
- 网络出版日期: 2022-01-25
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-15

Fabrication and optimization of dielectric elastomer actuator using MWCNT-CB/PDMS composite electrodes

School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450001, China

Funds: Key Research Pojects of Henan Province Education Department (20A530005); Yangtze River Scholar Innovation Team Development Plan (IRT1187); National Natural Science Foundation in China (52275295)

摘要

摘要: 介电弹性体驱动器(DEA)的柔性电极发挥着产生电场和约束介电母体形变的重要作用。本文以一维的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)和零维的导电炭黑(CB)为共同导电填料，设计浇注了一系列不同尺寸、不同力学、电学性能的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)复合电极膜(MWCNT-CB/PDMS)。将电极膜黏附在聚氯乙烯凝胶膜的两侧表面，导入脉冲高压电信号，获得一系列电驱动行为变化的新型介电聚合物驱动器。驱动性能测试结果表明：电极覆盖率的增加有利于DEA位移输出；电极厚度的增加限制了DEA的位移输出；随着MWCNT掺杂量的增加，位移输出先增后减。正交实验结果表明：MWCNT掺杂量对DEA的驱动位移有显著的影响，电极覆盖率和厚度有高度显著的影响；最优组合下，驱动器的最大位移输出为1.71 mm。
- 介电弹性体驱动器 /
- 正交实验 /
- 聚二甲基硅氧烷 /
- 聚氯乙烯凝胶 /
- 多壁碳纳米管 /
- 导电炭黑
Abstract: Flexible electrode of dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) plays important roles in generating electric fields and constraining dielectric matrix deformation. By using one-dimensional multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and zero-dimensional conductive carbon black (CB) as co-conductive fillers, a series of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) composite electrode films (MWCNT-CB/PDMS) were designed with varying size, mechanical and electrical properties. The electrode films were adhered to the lateral surfaces of a polyvinyl chloride gel matrix film and imported into a pulsed high-voltage signal to obtain novel dielectric polymer actuators with various electromechanical behaviors. Tests of electromechanical properties reveal that, the increase of electrode coverage is beneficial to DEA’s strain, the increase of electrode thickness hampers its strain, while the strain exhibits an initial increase following decrease trend with increasing MWCNT loading. Orthogonal experiments show that, the MWCNT loading has a significant effect on the displacement output, while the electrode coverage and thickness present high-level significances to the displacement output. Under the optimal condition, the displacement output of DEA is 1.71 mm at maximum.
- dielectric elastomer actuator /
- orthogonal experiment /
- polydimethyl siloxane /
- polyvinyl chloride gel /
- multi-wall carbon nanotube /
- conductive carbon black

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图 1 评价DEA的驱动性能测试平台示意图

Figure 1. Illustration of the setup for evaluating DEA’s electromechanical properties

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图 2 电极膜和母体膜的相关物性表征：(a) 不同MWCNT掺杂后多壁碳纳米管-导电炭黑/聚二甲基硅氧烷(MWCNT-CB/PDMS)复合电极膜的应力-应变曲线；(b) MWCNT-CB/PDMS复合膜弹性模量；(c) PVC母体膜的应力-应变曲线；(d) MWCNT-CB/PDMS复合膜的方块电阻

Figure 2. Related physical characterizations of the matrix and electrode films: (a) Typical stress-strain curves for the multi-wall carbon nanotubes-conductive carbon black/polydimethyl siloxane (MWCNT-CB/PDMS) electrode films with different MWCNT loadings; (b) Calculated Young’s moduli of MWCNT-CB/PDMS; (c) Stress-strain curves for the PVC matrixes; (d) Sheet resistances for MWCNT-CB/PDMS composite electrode films

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图 3 剖面场发射扫描电子显微镜图像：(a) DEA的夹心结构；(b) MWCNT-CB/PDMS电极与聚合物的界面结构；(c) PVC母体膜；(d) MWCNT-CB/PDMS电极

Figure 3. Cross sectional FESEM images: (a) Sandwiched structure of DEA; (b) Connection between MWCNT-CB/PDMS electrode and PVC matrix; (c) PVC matrix; (d) MWCNT-CB/PDMS electrode

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图 4 不同驱动电场下的DEA输出位移演变(PVC复合膜中含75wt%邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)，PDMS电极含4wt%MWCNT，驱动信号为1.0 Hz、占空比为0.5的方波)

Figure 4. Evolution of DEA’s outputted displacement with electronic field (PVC matrix composite contained 75wt% dioctyl phthalate (DOP), PDMS electrode contained 4wt%MWCNT, driven signal is square wave with 1.0 Hz frequency and 0.5 duty ratio)

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图 5 位移输出性能比较：不同MWCNT掺杂量、电极覆盖率、电极厚度下的位移响应曲线((a)、(d)、(g))；局部位移图((b)、(e)、(h))；具体的位移输出数据((c)、(f)、(i)) (((a)~(c)) 电极厚度为0.05 mm，覆盖率为65%；((b)~(f)) MWCNT含量为4wt%，电极厚度为0.05 mm；((g)~(i)) MWCNT含量为4wt%，覆盖率为65%；驱动信号均为1.0 Hz、占空比为0.5的方波)

Figure 5. Comparison of displacement output: Displacement curves for different MWCNT loadings ((a), (d), (g)), coating ratio ((b), (e), (h)) and thickness ((c), (f), (i)) (((a)-(c)) Electrode thickness is 0.05 mm and coating ratio is 65%; ((b)-(f)) Electrode thickness is 0.05 mm and MWCNT loading is 65%; ((g)-(i)) MWCNT loading is 65% and coating ratio is 65%. Driven signal is square wave with 1.0 Hz frequency and 0.5 duty ratio)

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图 6 正交试验中各样品最大驱动位移的柱状图

Figure 6. Columns of the maximum displacements for each DEA sample in the orthogonal experiments

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表 1 DEA相关参数与性能

Table 1. DEA-related parameters and properties

Mass fraction of MWCNT/wt%	Thickness/ mm	Elongation at break/%	Tensile strength/ MPa	Elastic modulus/ MPa	Electrode resistance/ (Ω·sq⁻¹)	Electric conductivity/ (S·cm⁻¹)
0	0.306	326	1.118	0.612	1143	0.026
2	0.391	308	1.325	0.892	573	0.059
4	0.390	280	1.533	1.155	293	0.121
6	0.317	254	1.709	1.529	147	0.250
8	0.314	224	1.843	4.032	56	0.239

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表 2 DEA电驱动响应数据

Table 2. DEA’s electromechanical response data

Mass fraction of MWCNT/wt%	Displacement^a /mm	Coverage ratio/%	Displacement^b /mm	Thickness /mm	Displacement^c /mm
0	0.99	35	0.87	0.05	1.41
2	1.24	50	1.15	0.10	1.22
4	1.41	65	1.39	0.15	1.02
6	1.31	80	1.61	0.20	0.88
8	1.12	95	1.71	0.25	0.65
Notes: ^a—Electrode coverage is 65%, thickness is 0.05 mm, doping amount of MWCNT is changed; ^b—Doping amount of MWCNT is 4wt%, electrode thickness is 0.05 mm, electrode coverage is changed; ^c—Doping amount of MWCNT is 4wt%, electrode coverage is 65%, and electrode thickness is changed.

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表 3 正交试验水平因素表

Table 3. Orthogonal experimental level factors

Factor	A (MWCNT doping/wt%)	C (Coverage ratio/%)	D (Thickness/mm)
1	0	95	0.05
2	2	80	0.10
3	4	65	0.15
4	6	50	0.20
5	8	35	0.25

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表 4 正交试验方法与设计

Table 4. Experimental design of an orthogonal array method

Experimental group	A	B	C	D (Blank group)	X_i (Displacement/mm)
1	1	1	1	1	1.42
2	1	2	2	2	1.09
3	1	3	3	3	0.75
4	1	4	4	4	0.36
5	1	5	5	5	0.28
6	2	1	2	3	1.56
7	2	2	3	4	1.13
8	2	3	4	5	0.69
9	2	4	5	1	0.46
10	2	5	1	2	0.87
11	3	1	3	5	1.49
12	3	2	4	1	1.05
13	3	3	5	2	0.65
14	3	4	1	3	1.15
15	3	5	2	4	0.79
16	4	1	4	2	1.14
17	4	2	5	3	0.83
18	4	3	1	4	1.31
19	4	4	2	5	0.97
20	4	5	3	1	0.53
21	5	1	5	4	0.92
22	5	2	1	5	1.36
23	5	3	2	1	0.99
24	5	4	3	2	0.61
25	5	5	4	3	0.75
I_j	3.91	6.53	6.11	4.46	—
II_j	4.71	5.47	5.41	4.37	—
III_j	5.13	4.38	4.51	5.04	—
IV_j	4.77	3.55	3.98	4.49	—
Ⅴ_j	4.63	3.21	3.14	4.78	—
R_j	1.23	3.32	2.97	0.67	—
S_j	0.16	1.50	1.09	0.06	—
Notes: X_i—Dispalcement; I_j, II_j, III_j, IV_j, V_j—Sum of X_i data corresponding to the level1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in column j; R_j—Range of factor; S_j—Sum of squared deviations of factor.

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表 5 正交试验方差分析结果

Table 5. Orthogonal experimental analysis of variance results

Variance source	Sum of deviation squares	Degree of freedom	Sum of squares of average deviation	F value	Significance
A	0.16	4	0.04	2.97	**
B	1.50	4	0.38	27.49	***
C	1.09	4	0.27	19.87	***
D	0.06	4	0.02	1.15	—
Notes: —Factor has a significant impact on the experiment results; * —Factor has a highly significant impact on the experiment results; F—Variance ratio.

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