连续玻璃纤维和玻璃微珠共增强尼龙6复合材料的抗冲击性能

尹洪峰; 薛飞彪; 魏英; 杨顺; 汤云; 袁蝴蝶; 任小虎

连续玻璃纤维和玻璃微珠共增强尼龙6复合材料的抗冲击性能

西安建筑科技大学　材料科学与工程学院, 西安 710055

详细信息

通讯作者:
魏英，博士，讲师，研究方向为聚合物基复合材料　E-mail：weiying@xauat.edu.cn

计量
- 文章访问数: 100
- HTML全文浏览量: 69
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-01-13
- 录用日期: 2022-03-19
- 修回日期: 2022-02-26
- 网络出版日期: 2022-04-07

Impact resistance of continuous glass fiber and glass bead co-reinforced nylon 6 composites

College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

摘要

摘要: 低速冲击是聚合物基复合材料在运输和服役过程中常见损伤方式，常造成复合材料结构损伤、性能降低、承载能力下降，影响使用。针对2D纤维增强聚合物基复合材料在冲击载荷作用下抗分层能力差的问题，本文采用熔融挤出结合热压成型法制备了二元和三元尼龙6(PA6)基复合材料，对比研究了连续玻璃纤维(GF)、玻璃微珠(GB)以及两者共增强PA6基复合材料的摆锤冲击性能和落锤低速冲击响应。结果表明：(1)玻璃纤维和玻璃微珠能显著提高尼龙6的抗冲击性能，且玻璃纤维的增强效果明显高于玻璃微珠；(2)GB增强PA6基复合材料(GB/PA6)的冲击强度随GB加入量增大呈现先增大后降低的趋势，加入量为25wt%时冲击强度最大；冲击载荷作用下，25wt%GB/PA6的耗能机制除了界面脱粘和钉扎效应之外，还发现GB在PA6基体中的滑移耗能新机制；(3)GF和GB共增强PA6复合材料(GB-GF/PA6)中纤维起主要的增强作用，摆锤冲击实验和落锤冲击实验均证明存在协同增强效应；(4)GF和GB共增强的协同增强效应是由于共增强复合材料在冲击载荷作用下，抗Ⅱ型裂纹扩展能力提高，使得复合材料抗分层能力得到强化；从而证明在基体中引入适量球形玻璃微珠是提高2D纤维增强聚合物基复合材料抗低速冲击性能的一条经济和有效途径。
- 玻璃微珠 /
- 玻璃纤维 /
- 尼龙6基复合材料 /
- 低速冲击 /
- 协同效应
Abstract: Low-velocity impact is a common damage mode for polymer matrix composites during transportation and service, often results in structural damage, performance degradation, and loss of load-bearing capacity, which affects the use of the composites. To address the problem of poor delamination resistance of 2D fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites under impact loading, binary and ternary nylon 6 (PA6)-based composites were prepared by melt extrusion combined with hot pressing, and the pendulum impact performance and drop hammer low-velocity impact response of continuous glass fiber (GF), glass beads (GB) and both co-reinforced PA6-based composites were comparatively investigated. The results show that: (1) glass fibers and glass beads can significantly improve the impact resistance of nylon 6, and the enhancement effect of glass fibers is significantly higher than that of glass beads; (2) The impact strength of GB-reinforced PA6-based composites (GB/PA6) showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing GB incorporation, with the maximum impact strength at 25wt% incorporation; the energy dissipation mechanism of 25wt% GB/PA6 under impact loading was found to be a new mechanism of slip energy dissipation of GB in PA6 matrix, in addition to interfacial debonding and pinning effects; (3) The fibers in GF and GB co-reinforced PA6 composites (GB-GF/PA6) play a major reinforcing role, and both pendulum impact tests and drop impact tests demonstrate a synergistic reinforcing effect; (4) The synergistic reinforcing effect of GF and GB co-reinforcement is due to the increased resistance to type II crack expansion of the co-reinforced composites under impact loading, resulting in the reinforcement of the composite against delamination; thus, demonstrating that the introduction of an appropriate amount of spherical glass beads into the matrix is an economical and effective way to improve the resistance of 2D fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites to low-velocity impact.
- glass bead /
- glass fiber /
- nylon 6 matrix composites /
- low speed impact /
- synergistic effect

HTML全文

图 1 PA6基复合材料制备流程图

Figure 1. Preparation process of PA6 composites

PA6—Binary and ternary nylon 6; GB—Glass beads; GF—Glass fiber

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 摆锤冲击测试样品尺寸图

Figure 2. The size of samples for the pendulum impact tests

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 PA6基复合材料摆锤冲击强度：(a) GB/PA6；(b) GB-GF/PA6；(c) 冲击强度对比；(d) 25wt%GB/PA6和25wt%GB-GF/PA6

Figure 3. Pendulum impact strength of PA6 composites：(a) GB/PA6；(b) GB-GF/PA6；(c) Comparison of Impact Strength of PA6 composites；(d) 25wt%GB/PA6 and 25wt%GB-GF/PA6

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 25wt%GB/PA6的冲击断口形貌：(a) 0.5wt% KH550改性GB；(b) 1.5wt% KH550改性GB；(c,d) 1.0wt% KH550改性GB

Figure 4. Impact fracture morphologies of 25wt%GB/PA6：(a) 0.5wt% KH550 modified GB；(b) 1.5wt% KH550 modified GB；(c,d) 1.0wt% KH550 modified GB

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 GF/PA6和25wt%GB-GF/PA6冲击断口形貌：(a，b) GF/PA6；(c，d) 25wt%GB-GF/PA6

Figure 5. Impact fracture morphologies of GF/PA6 and 25wt%GB-GF/PA6：(a，b) GF/PA6；(c，d) 25wt%GB-GF/PA6

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 PA6基复合材料的最大冲击力：(a)GB-GF/PA6；(b)PA6基复合材料从左至右：PA6, 20wt%GB/PA6, GF/PA6, 1.0wt%KH550改性20wt%GB-GF/PA6, 0.5wt%KH550改性20wt%GB-GF/PA6, 1.5wt%KH550改性20wt%GB-GF/PA6

Figure 6. Maximum impact forces of PA6 composites：(a)GB-GF/PA6；(b) PA6 based composites from left to right: PA6, 20wt%GB/PA6, GF/PA6, 1.0wt%KH550 modified 20wt%GB-GF/PA6, 0.5wt%KH550 modified 20wt%GB-GF/PA6, 1.5wt%KH550 modified 20wt%GB-GF/PA6

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 PA6基复合材料的冲击应力-时间曲线和能量-时间曲线

Figure 7. Impact stress-time curves and energy-time curves of PA6 composites

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 PA6基复合材料损伤区域形貌：(a) PA6；(b) 20wt%GB/PA6；(c) GF/PA6；(d) 20wt%GB-GF/PA6

Figure 8. Morphologies for damage parts of PA6 composites：(a) PA6；(b) 20wt%GB/PA6；(c) GF/PA6；(d) 20wt%GB-GF/PA6

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 20wt%GB-GF/PA6层合板落锤冲击示意图和冲击断口形貌

Figure 9. Schematic diagram of drop hammer impact and impact fracture morphologies of 20wt%GB-GF/PA6

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 PA6基复合材料冲击凹坑深度、损伤面积和耗损能量

Table 1. Laminate pit depth and damage area of PA6 composites

Sample	PA6	20wt%GB/PA6	GF/PA6	20wt%GB-GF/PA6
Pit depth /mm	Breakdown	Breakdown	0.42	0.26
Damage area /mm²	Smash	Smash	907	452
Maximum absorbed energy /J	9.65	15.29	39.32	66.57

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 PA6基复合材料的冲击破坏能量耗损机制

Table 2. Energy dissipation mechanism for impact damage of PA6-based composites

Material type	Energy loss mechanism
Material type	Matrix	Reinforcement	Interface	Synergistic effect
PA6	Matrix tensile and fracture	-	-	-
GB/PA6	Matrix tensile and fracture	Particle slip and crush	Debonding, pinning and deflection	-
GF/PA6	Matrix tensile and fracture	Fiber elongation, bridging, break and pullout	Debonding and deflection	-
GB-GF/PA6	Matrix tensile and fracture	Fiber elongation, bridging, break and pullout, Particle slip and crush	Particle debonding, Fiber debonding, Crack deflection and pinning	Synergistic enhancement

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 PA6基复合材料的剪切强度

Table 3. Shear strength of PA6-based composites

Materials	PA6	25wt%GB/PA6	GF/PA6	25wt%GB-GF/PA6
Shear strength /MPa	29.1	33.7	36.7	44.1
Standard deviation	0.96	1.51	1.39	1.71
Strength increase value /MPa	0	4.6	7.6	15.0

下载: 导出CSV

[1]	NASSIR N A, BIRCH R S, CANTWELL W J, et al. The perforation resistance of glass fibre reinforced PEKK composites[J]. Polymer Testing,2018,72:423-431. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.11.007
[2]	SARFRAZ M S, HONG H, KIM S S. Recent developments in the manufacturing technologies of composite components and their cost-effectiveness in the automotive industry: A review study[J]. Composite Structures,2021,266:113864. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113864
[3]	LIU P, BARLOW C Y. Wind turbine blade waste in 2050[J]. Waste Management,2017,62:229-240. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.007
[4]	SUTHERLAND L S. A review of impact testing on marine composite materials: Part I–Marine impacts on marine composites[J]. Composite Structures,2018,188:197-208. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.073
[5]	RAPONI E, FIUMARELLA D, BORIA S, et al. Methodology for parameter identification on a thermoplastic composite crash absorber by the Sequential Response Surface Method and Efficient Global Optimization[J]. Composite Structures,2021,278:114646. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114646
[6]	ARIKAN V, SAYMAN O. Comparative study on repeated impact response of E-glass fiber reinforced polypropylene & epoxy matrix composites[J]. Composites Part B:Engineering,2015,83:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.051
[7]	KANHERE S V, BERMUDEZ V, OGALE A A. Carbon and glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites// Fiber Reinforced Composites[J]. Woodhead Publishing,2021:273-306.
[8]	BARILE M, LECCE L, IANNONE M, et al. Thermoplastic composites for aerospace applications[J]. Revolutionizing aircraft materials and processes,2020:87-114.
[9]	ANDREW J J, SRINIVASAN S M, AROCKIARAJAN A, et al. Parameters influencing the impact response of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials: A critical review[J]. Composite Structures,2019,224:111007. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111007
[10]	YU B, GENG C, ZHOU M, et al. Impact toughness of polypropylene/glass fiber composites: interplay between intrinsic toughening and extrinsic toughening[J]. Composites Part B:Engineering,2016,92:413-419. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.02.040
[11]	SHAH S Z H, KARUPPANAN S, MEGAT-YUSOFF P S M, et al. Impact resistance and damage tolerance of fiber reinforced composites: A review[J]. Composite Structures,2019,217:100-121. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.03.021
[12]	VÁRDAI R, LUMMERSTORFER T, PRETSCHUH C, et al. Comparative study of fiber reinforced PP composites: Effect of fiber type, coupling and failure mechanisms[J]. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2020,133:105895. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.105895
[13]	MOURITZ A P. Review of z-pinned laminates and sandwich composites[J]. Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing,2020,139:106128. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106128
[14]	PEGORIN F, PINGKARAWAT K, DAYNES S, et al. Influence of z-pin length on the delamination fracture toughness and fatigue resistance of pinned composites[J]. Composites Part B:Engineering,2015,78:298-307. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.03.093
[15]	CHAZOT C A C, HART A J. Understanding and control of interactions between carbon nanotubes and polymers for manufacturing of high-performance composite materials[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2019,183:107795. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2019.107795
[16]	TANG Y, YE L, ZHANG Z, et al. Interlaminar fracture toughness and CAI strength of fibre-reinforced composites with nanoparticles–A review[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2013,86:26-37. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.06.021
[17]	KHAN M I, UMAIR M, HUSSAIN R, et al. Effect of Micro-fillers on the Performance of Thermoplastic Para Aramid Composites for Impact Applications[J]. Fibers and Polymers,2021,22(11):3120-3134. doi: 10.1007/s12221-021-0370-x
[18]	赖鹏辉, 尹洪峰, 张静, 等. 纳米Al₂O₃-碳纤维多尺度增强聚酰胺基复合材料的制备及力学性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2018, 35(3):493-500. LAI Penghui, YIN Hongfeng, ZHANG Jing, et al. Preparation and mechanical properties of nano Al₂O₃-carbon fiber multi-scale reinforced polyamide composites[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2018,35(3):493-500(in Chinese).
[19]	李艳, 尹洪峰, 秦月, 等. 尼龙 6 基复合材料的抗冲击性能与协同增强效应[J]. 复合材料科学与工程, 2020(12):84-91. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0999.2020.12.014 Li Yan, YIN Hongfeng, QIN Yue, et al. Impact properties and synergistic effect of nylon 6 based composites[J]. Composites Science And Engineering,2020(12):84-91(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-0999.2020.12.014
[20]	RUSSO P, ACIERNO D, SIMEOLI G, et al. Flexural and impact response of woven glass fiber fabric/polypropylene composites[J]. Composites Part B:Engineering,2013,54:415-421. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.016
[21]	KATUNIN A, PAWLAK S, WRONKOWICZ-KATUNIN A, et al. Damage progression in fibre reinforced polymer composites subjected to low-velocity repeated impact loading[J]. Composite Structures,2020,252:112735. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112735
[22]	XIAO L, WANG G H, QIU S, et al. Exploration of energy absorption and viscoelastic behavior of CFRPs subjected to low velocity impact[J]. Composites Part B:Engineering,2019,165:247-254. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.126
[23]	AL-SHAMARY A K J, KARAKUZU R, ÖZDEMIR O. Low-velocity impact response of sandwich composites with different foam core configurations[J]. Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials,2016,18(6):754-768.
[24]	张亚文, 陈秉智, 石姗姗, 等. 格栅-蜂窝混式芯体夹芯结构的低速冲击性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2022, 39(01):381-389. ZHANG Yawen, CHEN Bingzhi, SHI Shanshan, et al. Low-velocity impact performance of grid-honeycomb hybrid core sandwich structure[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2022,39(01):381-389(in Chinese).
[25]	YANG Z M, LIU J X, WANG F C, et al. Effect of fiber hybridization on mechanical performances and impact behaviors of basalt fiber/UHMWPE fiber reinforced epoxy composites[J]. Composite Structures,2019,229:111434. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111434
[26]	American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test methods for determining the lzod pendulum impact resistance of plastics: ASTM D256—10[S]. West Conshohocken, United States: American Society for Testing and Materials International, 2018.
[27]	American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for measuring the damage resistance of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite to a drop-weight impact event: ASTM D7136—15[S]. West Conshohocken, United States: American Society for Testing and Materials International, 2015.
[28]	American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for short-beam strength of polymer matrix composite materials and their laminates: ASTM D2344—16[S]. West Conshohocken, United States: American Society for Testing and Materials International, 2016.