Research progress on mechanical properties enhancement of silica aerogels
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摘要:
目的 随着社会飞速发展,潜伏的火灾危险对社会安全造成巨大的威胁。火灾会造成巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡,使用防火隔热材料可以有效地进行火灾防控,将火灾造成的社会影响降至最低。气凝胶具有密度低、导热系数低、孔隙率高等特点,表现出优异的防火隔热性能。二氧化硅气凝胶是气凝胶材料的典型代表,目前在城市建筑、生物科技、环境治理、能源储存、航空航天行业被广泛应用。但是力学性能较差成为限制二氧化硅气凝胶工程化应用的瓶颈问题,因此需要通过物理添加、化学改性等手段使二氧化硅气凝胶保持低导热系数的同时提升力学性能。本文系统的综述了目前国内外二氧化硅气凝胶力学性能增强研究进展情况。 方法 通过检索国内外相关文献,对目前增强二氧化硅气凝胶材料的研究现状进行了简述。主要针对在制备二氧化硅气凝胶过程中通过优化工艺以及添加纤维、纳米材料、成型体四种方法提高力学性能的方法进行了讨论分析。工艺优化方面主要针对多种硅源复配、老化工艺、高温热处理方面三个方面进行了详细阐述。引入增强体方面的研究中列举了碳纳米管、氧化石墨烯、纳米纤维素三种纳米材料;石英纤维、玻璃纤维、陶瓷纤维、芳纶纤维四种常见纤维;以及纤维毡、多孔骨架二种成型预制体。最后提出了二氧化硅气凝胶未来的研究方向及发展的建议。 结果 通过讨论分析发现,制备工艺优化对二氧化硅气凝胶骨架进行增强可以减少杂质,制备工艺简单,同时避免了副产物的生成,但存在制备周期长,对环境污染大等一系列问题。纳米材料可以在纳米尺寸范围内增强二氧化硅凝胶孔隙结构,从而有效地提高气凝胶的力学性能,但纳米材料易氧化,对于储存要求比较高,且价格昂贵无法进行大规模的工程应用。因此使用纤维等材料进行物理加强是简单可行的技术手段,但是凝胶颗粒在纤维表面不容易分散均匀,导致凝胶微小颗粒无法与光滑的纤维牢固的结合在一起,对于力学性能的提升效果有限。因此需要使用多种手段结合的方式来增强二氧化硅气凝胶的力学性能。 结论 目前气凝胶材料在各个行业有着大量需求, 且发展迅速,但气凝胶较差的力学性能仍成为不可忽视的问题,在未来的研究中应重点关注以下几个方面:首先应根据不同前驱体的特性以及老化、热处理工艺对气凝胶性能的影响进行工艺优化。以使用多种纤维混合进行增强为主,同时结合纳米材料改性、接枝技术进行辅助增强。利用仿生结构(如贝壳的珍珠母层等)来增强气凝胶的力学性能也属于一种解决方法。在气凝胶多功能化方面,还应关注疏水、隔音以及其它特殊性能,如自愈性、形状记忆等,进一步拓展二氧化硅气凝胶在工程上的应用。 Abstract: With the rapid development of society, latent fire hazards have a great threat to social security. Fire prevention and control can be effectively carried out by using fire insulation materials. Aerogels have the characteristics of low density, low thermal conductivity, high porosity, and exhibit excellent fire insulation properties. Silica aerogel is a typical representative of aerogel materials and widely used in many industries. However, at present, silica aerogel still has the bottleneck problem of poor mechanical properties, resulting in greatly limits its engineering application. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce reinforcements to make silica aerogel maintain its own excellent characteristics and enhance its mechanical properties. In this paper, the current research status of reinforced silica materials is briefly described, then the methods of improving mechanical properties by optimizing the process and adding nanomaterials, fibers, compacts in the preparation of silica aerogels are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the future research direction and development suggestions of silica aerogels are proposed.-
Key words:
- aerogel /
- fireproof and heat insulation /
- strength /
- process optimization /
- nanomaterial /
- fiber /
- silica /
- mechanical properties
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NO. EtOH/H2O (mL) TMCS (mL)/CTAB(g) S-14 1/14 0/0.1 S-13 2/13 0/0.1 S-12 3/12 0/0.1 S-11 4/11 0/0.1 S-10 5/10 0/0.1 S-14 m 1/14 4/0.1 S-11 m 1/11 4/0.1 表 2 不同途径增强后气凝胶的热-力性能
Table 2. Thermo-mechanical properties of aerogel after enhancement by different approaches
Enhancement methods Mechanical property Thermal conductivity/(W·(m·K)−1) Silicon source[36] Young’s modulus: 56 kPa 0.0343 Aging[44, 45] Young’s modulus: 0.117 MPa 0.027 Heat treatment[52] Maximum stress: 0.764 MPa(40% strain) 0.0278 CNTs[63] Young’s modulus: 201.5 kPa 0.0312 GO[72] Compressive strength: 0.65 MPa 0.018 CNF[78] Compressive strength: 95.4 kPaYoung’s modulus:122.2 kPa 0.023 Quartz fiber[84] Bending strength: 2.34 MPa 0.0335 Glass fiber[85] Young’s modulus: 1393 kPa 0.0213 Ceramic fiber[93] Compressive strength: 0.1082 MPa(10% strain) 0.101 Aramid fiber[94] Young’s modulus: 0.14 MPa 0.0227 Fiber felt[96] Compressive strength: 2.33 MPa(25% strain) 0.0373 Blown foam[100] Young’s modulus: 307 kPa 0.0123 -
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