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二氧化硅气凝胶力学性能增强研究进展

展望,  时钒,  李丽霞,  陈乐,  陈明毅,  孔庆红,  张庆武

文章导航 > 复合材料学报  > 2023 > 优先出版
展望, 时钒, 李丽霞, 等. 二氧化硅气凝胶力学性能增强研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 41(0): 1-14
引用本文: 展望, 时钒, 李丽霞, 等. 二氧化硅气凝胶力学性能增强研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2023, 41(0): 1-14
shu
Wang ZHAN, fan SHI, Lixia LI, Le CHEN, Mingyi CHEN, Qinghong KONG, Qingwu ZHANG. Research progress on mechanical properties enhancement of silica aerogels[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica.
Citation: Wang ZHAN, fan SHI, Lixia LI, Le CHEN, Mingyi CHEN, Qinghong KONG, Qingwu ZHANG. Research progress on mechanical properties enhancement of silica aerogels[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica.
shu

二氧化硅气凝胶力学性能增强研究进展

  • 1.

    江苏大学环境与安全工程学院, 镇江 212013

  • 2.

    南京大学电子科学与工程学院, 南京 210046

  • 3.

    南京工业大学安全科学与工程学院, 南京 211800

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(52004131); 国家自然科学基金项目(52204213); 江苏大学应急管理学院大学生科研训练培育项目(JG-03-07);
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    李丽霞，博士研究生，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为功能材料的合成　E-mail:qingpipa@ujs.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TB332

Research progress on mechanical properties enhancement of silica aerogels

  • 1.

    School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China

  • 2.

    School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 211816, China

  • 3.

    College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52004131)；National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52204213)；The Students Scientific Research Training Program of College of Emergency Management of Jiangsu University(JG-03-07)

    摘要
  • 摘要:   目的  随着社会飞速发展，潜伏的火灾危险对社会安全造成巨大的威胁。火灾会造成巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡，使用防火隔热材料可以有效地进行火灾防控，将火灾造成的社会影响降至最低。气凝胶具有密度低、导热系数低、孔隙率高等特点，表现出优异的防火隔热性能。二氧化硅气凝胶是气凝胶材料的典型代表，目前在城市建筑、生物科技、环境治理、能源储存、航空航天行业被广泛应用。但是力学性能较差成为限制二氧化硅气凝胶工程化应用的瓶颈问题，因此需要通过物理添加、化学改性等手段使二氧化硅气凝胶保持低导热系数的同时提升力学性能。本文系统的综述了目前国内外二氧化硅气凝胶力学性能增强研究进展情况。  方法  通过检索国内外相关文献，对目前增强二氧化硅气凝胶材料的研究现状进行了简述。主要针对在制备二氧化硅气凝胶过程中通过优化工艺以及添加纤维、纳米材料、成型体四种方法提高力学性能的方法进行了讨论分析。工艺优化方面主要针对多种硅源复配、老化工艺、高温热处理方面三个方面进行了详细阐述。引入增强体方面的研究中列举了碳纳米管、氧化石墨烯、纳米纤维素三种纳米材料；石英纤维、玻璃纤维、陶瓷纤维、芳纶纤维四种常见纤维；以及纤维毡、多孔骨架二种成型预制体。最后提出了二氧化硅气凝胶未来的研究方向及发展的建议。  结果  通过讨论分析发现，制备工艺优化对二氧化硅气凝胶骨架进行增强可以减少杂质，制备工艺简单，同时避免了副产物的生成，但存在制备周期长，对环境污染大等一系列问题。纳米材料可以在纳米尺寸范围内增强二氧化硅凝胶孔隙结构，从而有效地提高气凝胶的力学性能，但纳米材料易氧化，对于储存要求比较高，且价格昂贵无法进行大规模的工程应用。因此使用纤维等材料进行物理加强是简单可行的技术手段，但是凝胶颗粒在纤维表面不容易分散均匀，导致凝胶微小颗粒无法与光滑的纤维牢固的结合在一起，对于力学性能的提升效果有限。因此需要使用多种手段结合的方式来增强二氧化硅气凝胶的力学性能。  结论  目前气凝胶材料在各个行业有着大量需求, 且发展迅速，但气凝胶较差的力学性能仍成为不可忽视的问题，在未来的研究中应重点关注以下几个方面：首先应根据不同前驱体的特性以及老化、热处理工艺对气凝胶性能的影响进行工艺优化。以使用多种纤维混合进行增强为主，同时结合纳米材料改性、接枝技术进行辅助增强。利用仿生结构(如贝壳的珍珠母层等)来增强气凝胶的力学性能也属于一种解决方法。在气凝胶多功能化方面，还应关注疏水、隔音以及其它特殊性能，如自愈性、形状记忆等，进一步拓展二氧化硅气凝胶在工程上的应用。

     

    Abstract: With the rapid development of society, latent fire hazards have a great threat to social security. Fire prevention and control can be effectively carried out by using fire insulation materials. Aerogels have the characteristics of low density, low thermal conductivity, high porosity, and exhibit excellent fire insulation properties. Silica aerogel is a typical representative of aerogel materials and widely used in many industries. However, at present, silica aerogel still has the bottleneck problem of poor mechanical properties, resulting in greatly limits its engineering application. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce reinforcements to make silica aerogel maintain its own excellent characteristics and enhance its mechanical properties. In this paper, the current research status of reinforced silica materials is briefly described, then the methods of improving mechanical properties by optimizing the process and adding nanomaterials, fibers, compacts in the preparation of silica aerogels are discussed and analyzed. Finally, the future research direction and development suggestions of silica aerogels are proposed.

     

    • HTML全文

  • 图  1  SiO2气凝胶力学性能增强方法

    Figure  1.  Mechanical property enhancement methods of silica aerogel

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  2  柔性SiO2气凝胶压缩结果[35]

    Figure  2.  Compression result of flexible SiO2 aerogel[35]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  3  双介孔SiO2气凝胶反应机制图: (a)水解反应; (b-d)缩合反应[37]

    Figure  3.  Mechanism of the double mesoporous SiO2 aerogelchemical reactions: (a) the hydrolysis reaction; (b-d) the condensation reaction[37]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  4  不同老化条件下制备的SiO2气凝胶[44]

    Figure  4.  The silica aerogels prepared under different aging conditions[44]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  5  二氧化硅气凝胶刚度及密度随时间变化规律[45]

    Figure  5.  The variation of stiffness and density of silica aerogel with time[45]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  6  气凝胶颗粒转化过程的强化模型及不同温度热处理后三聚氰胺(MS)/SiO2气凝胶SEM图[52]

    Figure  6.  Strengthen model of aerogel particles transformation process and SEM images of melamine /silica aerogels prepared by heat treatment at different temperatures[52]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  7  不同温度处理后气凝胶SEM图[53]

    Figure  7.  SEM images of aerogel processed at different temperatures[53]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  8  不同碳纳米管含量CNTs/SiO2气凝胶图[62]

    Figure  8.  Images of CNTs/silica aerogels with different CNTs content[62]

    CNTs—Carbon nanotubes

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  9  CNTS/SiO2气凝胶的制备流程及SEM图[63]

    Figure  9.  The preparation process and SEM diagram of CNTs/silica aerogel[63]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  10  氧化石墨烯/SiO2气凝胶制备流程图[70]

    Figure  10.  Preparation process of GO/silica aerogels[70]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  11  (a) Si/GO复合气凝胶形成的示意图；(b) Si/GO-5.0复合材料HRTEM图[71]Fig.11(a) Schematic illustration of the formation of Si/GO composite aerogels; (b)The HRTEM diagrams of Si/GO-5.0 composites[71]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  12  添加不同CNFs及表面处理气凝胶的扫描电镜：(a)未改性5 mLCNF1; (b)未改性5 mLCNF2; (c) 改性5 mLCNF1; (d) 改性5 mLCNF2[78]

    Figure  12.  SEM of aerogel with different CNFs and surface treatment： (a) Unmodified 5 mLCNF1; (b) Unmodified 5 mLCNF2; (c) Modified 5 mLCNF1; (d) Modified 5 mLCNF2[78]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  13  纤维素/二氧化硅气凝胶应力-应变曲线[78]

    Figure  13.  Stress-strain curve of CNF/SiO2 aerogels[78]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  14  800oC时QF/ASA复合材料的SEM图像[83]

    Figure  14.  SEM images of QF/ASA composite at 800oC[83]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  15  (a)石英纤维/SiO2气凝胶的SEM图; (b)纤维搭接处SEM图[84]

    Figure  15.  The SEM image of quartz fiber/silica aerogels;(b) SEM image of joining of silica fibers[84]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  16  玻璃纤维增强SiO2气凝胶制备工艺[87]

    Figure  16.  Preparation technology of GF reinforced SiO2 aerogel[87]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  17  SiO2气凝胶与气相SiO2比例对二氧化硅复合材料导热系数和弯曲模量的影响[88]

    Figure  17.  Influence of the ratio of silica aerogel to the fumed silica on the thermal conductivity and flexural modulus of the silica composites[88]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  18  纤维的分层结构分布[94]

    Figure  18.  The layered structure of the fiber distribution[94]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  19  ASF/MW/ SiO2气凝胶制备流程图[96]

    Figure  19.  The preparation process of ASF/MW/silica aerogels[96]

    ASF—alumina silicate fiber felt; MW—mullite whisker

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  20  (a)碳纤维毡增强SiO2气凝胶SEM图; (b)硅酸铝纤维毡增强 SiO2气凝胶SEM图[97]

    Figure  20.  (a) The SEM images of carbon fiber felt reinforced SiO2 aerogels; (b) The SEM images of aluminum silicate fiber felt reinforced SiO2 aerogel [97]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  21  不同温度下石英纤维/SiO2气凝胶的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率[98]

    Figure  21.  Tensile strength and elongation at break of quartz fiber/silica aerogels at different temperatures[98]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  22  玻璃纤维/SiO2气凝胶压缩实验: (a)压缩前; (b) 压缩达到60%应变; (c)压缩后完全恢复[99]

    Figure  22.  Compression test of GF/silica aerogels: (a)Before compression; (b)Compression up to 60% strain; (c)Recovered fully after compression[99]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  23  网状聚氨酯泡沫及泡孔结构显微照片[100]

    Figure  23.  Reticulated polyurethane foams and cellular structure micrographs[100]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图  24  泡沫陶瓷/SiO2气凝胶和泡沫玻璃/SiO2气凝胶结构示意图[101]

    Figure  24.  Demonstration diagram of ceramic foam/ silica aerogel and foam glass/silica aerogels structure[101]

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    表  1  SiO2气凝胶样品的初始组成[35]

    Table  1.   Starting compositions of SiO2 aerogel samples[35]

    NO.EtOH/H2O (mL)TMCS (mL)/CTAB(g)
    S-141/140/0.1
    S-132/130/0.1
    S-123/120/0.1
    S-114/110/0.1
    S-105/100/0.1
    S-14 m1/144/0.1
    S-11 m1/114/0.1
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  不同途径增强后气凝胶的热-力性能

    Table  2.   Thermo-mechanical properties of aerogel after enhancement by different approaches

    Enhancement methodsMechanical propertyThermal conductivity/(W·(m·K)−1)
    Silicon source[36]Young’s modulus: 56 kPa0.0343
    Aging[44, 45]Young’s modulus: 0.117 MPa0.027
    Heat treatment[52]Maximum stress: 0.764 MPa(40% strain)0.0278
    CNTs[63]Young’s modulus: 201.5 kPa0.0312
    GO[72]Compressive strength: 0.65 MPa0.018
    CNF[78]Compressive strength: 95.4 kPaYoung’s modulus:122.2 kPa0.023
    Quartz fiber[84]Bending strength: 2.34 MPa0.0335
    Glass fiber[85]Young’s modulus: 1393 kPa0.0213
    Ceramic fiber[93]Compressive strength: 0.1082 MPa(10% strain)0.101
    Aramid fiber[94]Young’s modulus: 0.14 MPa0.0227
    Fiber felt[96]Compressive strength: 2.33 MPa(25% strain)0.0373
    Blown foam[100]Young’s modulus: 307 kPa0.0123
    下载: 导出CSV
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