超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测中的研究进展

罗灵欢; 林祥德; 姜佳怡; 应娜; 曾冬冬

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230222.001

超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测中的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230222.001

罗灵欢^{1, 2},
林祥德¹,
姜佳怡^{1, 2},
应娜¹,
曾冬冬^1, ,

1.
上海健康医学院　医疗器械学院，上海 201318
2.
上海理工大学　健康科学与工程学院，上海 200093

基金项目: 上海市自然科学基金(19ZR1474300)；上海健康医学院科研骨干校外导师制(2021-4)；同济大学访问学者资助项目(2022)

详细信息

通讯作者:
曾冬冬，博士，副研究员，硕士生导师，研究方向为DNA纳米技术、纳米材料、生物传感器　E-mail: zengdd@sumhs.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332；TN04
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-22
- 修回日期: 2023-01-09
- 录用日期: 2023-02-14
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-22
- 刊出日期: 2023-07-15

Research progress of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors in human motion monitoring

LUO Linghuan^{1, 2},
LIN Xiangde¹,
JIANG Jiayi^{1, 2},
YING Na¹,
ZENG Dongdong^{1
, ,}

1.
School of Medical Device Engineering, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
2.
School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China

Funds: Shanghai Natural Science Foundation (19ZR1474300); External Mentorship for Research Cadre of Shanghai University of Medical and Health Sciences (2021-4); Visiting Scholar in Tongji University (2022)

摘要

摘要: 目的柔性应变传感器是一种将外界应力变化转变为电信号的设备，它克服了传统刚性传感器硬度大、人体适应性差等缺点，作为一种可穿戴设备在人体运动监测领域有很大发展前景。但在恶劣条件或极端环境下使用仍然存在信号输出失真，易被腐蚀等风险。超疏水柔性应变传感器将超疏水涂层的拒水、表面自清洁、防腐抗污与柔性应变传感器的高延展性、高灵敏度等优势相结合，增强了传感器的性能并拓宽了在人体运动监测等方面的应用。方法第一，本文综述了超疏水柔性应变传感器的基本性能参数包括灵敏度、传感工作范围、循环稳定性、线性度和响应时间。第二，介绍了超疏水柔性应变传感器的常用材料以及构建方法。常用材料从超疏水层、导电层、柔性衬底三个部分分别介绍，并总结了不同材料类型的优缺点；构建方法分为材料复合和图案转移两类，主要讨论超疏水层和导电层在柔性衬底上的组合策略。第三，综述了超疏水柔性应变传感器的功能，包括防水防汗、防腐、自清洁以及抗菌。第四，综述了超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测中的应用，其与人机界面和物联网等技术相结合后，为健康监测、康复训练、信号通讯、远程控制应用领域提供了便携、可穿戴且实时的优势，能够及时地获得人体运动监测信息。最后，对该领域做出展望。结果经过对国内外文献的研究调查，超疏水柔性应变传感器目前在人体运动监测等各种实际应用中有着十分广阔的发展前景，在保证传感性能的同时还增强了防水防汗、防腐、自清洁以及抗菌的功能。随着可穿戴设备的普及，超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测领域展现出巨大市场前景，并在健康监测、康复训练、信号通讯和远程控制方面带来了新的突破口。结论尽管有着很好的发展前景，但根据已知的研究现状，仍旧存在不容忽视的问题。(1)即使现在有大量的材料和结构被不断开发，但平衡传感器性能的所有关键参数也很困难。通常高灵敏度的传感器意味着较小的工作范围或较差的稳定性，然而在人体运动监测的实际应用中要求传感器具备高灵敏度和宽工作范围。(2)超疏水柔性应变传感器虽然较普通柔性应变传感器增加了多功能应用，但在亲肤性、透气性和舒适度方面仍需要更多研究以及改进。(3)大多数的超疏水柔性应变传感器依然存在制备过程较为复杂的问题，采用合理制备方法的同时也要考虑高效商业化大规模生产以及相对低成本的环保设计。超疏水柔性应变传感器自开发以来，极大扩展了应变传感器的形式和应用。未来随着通信技术的迅速发展，将向着集成、人机交互的方向不断前进，催生出更多丰富的智能可穿戴设备。
- 超疏水 /
- 柔性应变传感器 /
- 人体运动监测 /
- 水下监测 /
- 可穿戴
Abstract: A flexible strain sensor is a device that converts changes in external stress into electrical signals. It overcomes the shortcomings of traditional rigid sensors such as high hardness and poor human adaptability. As a wearable device, it has great development prospects in the field of human motion monitoring. However, in harsh conditions or extreme environments, there are still risks such as signal output distortion and easy corrosion. The superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor combines the water repellency, surface self-cleaning, anti-corrosion and anti-fouling of the superhydrophobic coating with the high ductility and high sensitivity of the flexible strain sensor, which enhances the performance of the sensor and broadens the applications in human motion monitoring. This paper reviews the basic performance parameters of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors, the commonly used construction materials and construction methods as well as their functions and applications in human motion monitoring, and provides perspectives on this field.
- superhydrophobic /
- flexible strain sensor /
- human motion monitoring /
- underwater monitoring /
- wearable

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图 1 超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测中的研究进展

Figure 1. Research progress of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors in human motion monitoring

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图 2 (a) 聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMS)多氟化策略示意图^[33]；(b) 以芦苇叶为模板的超疏水柔性应变传感器制备示意图^[34]；(c) 可拉伸和超疏水PDMS/碳纳米管(CNTs)复合应变传感器的制备示意图^[35]

Figure 2. (a) Illustration of the multi-fluorination strategy on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)^[33]; (b) Schematic diagram of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor using reed leaf as template^[34]; (c) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of the stretchable and superhydrophobic PDMS/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite strain sensor^[35]

WCA—Water contact angle; SSMF—Superhydrophobic shape memory film; AgNWs—Ag nanowires; PCL—Polycaprolactone; PU—Polyurethane; PMMA—Polymethyl methacrylate; PET—Polyethylene terephthalate

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图 3 (a) 水滴落在超疏水荷叶上的光学图片及超疏水荷叶表面乳突状结构的SEM图像^[36]；(b) 荷叶表面的超疏水原理示意图^[9]

Figure 3. (a) Optical picture of water drops falling on a superhydrophobic lotus leaf and SEM image of the papillae structure of the superhydrophobic lotus leaf^[36]; (b) Schematic diagram of the superhydrophobic principle of the lotus leaf^[9]

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图 5 超疏水柔性应变传感器的自清洁性能：(a) 水滴在rGO/PPy/PDMS/PU海绵传感器表面和内部的照片以及牛奶、咖啡、茶和pH值为1、13的常见液体滴在传感器表面的照片^[75]；(b) 利用水轻松去除无纺布基超疏水柔性应变传感器表面的天然土壤和色素^[76]

Figure 5. Self-cleaning performance of the superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor: (a) Photographs of water drops on the surface and inside of the rGO/PPy/PDMS/PU sponge sensor as well as milk, coffee, tea, and common liquids with pH=1 and 13 on the sensor surface^[75]; (b) Easy removal of natural soil and pigments from the surface of the nonwoven-based superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor using water^[76]

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图 6 FAMG超疏水柔性应变传感器在抗菌中的应用^[78]：(a) FAMG传感器的制备示意图；(b) Ag离子加入前后传感器的抗细菌粘附实验(I：初始状态；II：结束状态；III：细菌粘附在表面的SEM图像)；(c) FAMG传感器抗细菌粘附原理示意图

Figure 6. Application of FAMG superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors in anti-bacterial applications^[78]: (a) Schematic diagram of the FAMG sensor; (b) Anti-bacterial adhesion experiments of the sensor before and after Ag ion addition (I: Initial state; II: End state; III: SEM images of bacteria adhering to the surface); (c) Schematic diagram of the anti-bacterial adhesion principle of the FAMG sensor

APTES—Aminopropyltriethoxysilane; ε—Strain

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图 7 超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测中的应用：(a) 实时监测心电信号^[76]；(b) 监测各种泳姿的电信号(LA、RA、LL、RL分别代表左臂、右臂、左腿、右腿)^[86]；(c) 利用手指弯曲在水下产生连续莫尔斯电码SOS^[85]；(d) 远程控制电灯开关及PowerPoint演示^[34]

Figure 7. Applications of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensors in human motion monitoring: (a) Real-time monitoring of ECG signals^[76]; (b) Monitoring of electrical signals for various swimming positions (LA, RA, LL, RL represent left arm, right arm, left leg, and right leg, respectively)^[86]; (c) Generate continuous Morse code SOS underwater using finger flexion^[85]; (d) Remote control of light switches as well as PowerPoint presentations^[34]

ECG—Electrocardiogram; ΔR—Value of resistance change; R₀—Initial resistance value

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表 1 不同类型导电材料的优劣势特点

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of conductive materials

Conductive materials	Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Carbon based materials	Chemical and thermal stability, good mechanical properties, easy functionalization	Poor durability and transparency	[40-41, 44]
Metal nanomaterials	Better electrical conductivity, suitable for complex structures	Poor adhesion, easy oxidation	[41, 45-46]
Conductive polymers	Easy to synthesize, low price	Short lifespan	[43, 47]

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表 2 不同构建方法制备的超疏水柔性应变传感器性能总结

Table 2. Performance summary of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor prepared by different construction methods

Construction methods	Construction materials	CA/(°)	Max GF	Work scope/%	Cycle stability/ time	Response time	Ref.
Material composition
Dip coating	Sponges/CNTs	153	1.14	0-175	2400	0.4 s	[24]
Dip coating	PU/SiO₂/G	152.3	5.9	0-120	600	—	[38]
Spraying	Paper/AgNPs/SiO₂/ MWCNTs	164	263.34	—	12000	78 ms	[11]
Spraying	MWCNTs/TPE	162	80	0-76	5000	8 ms	[26]
LBL	MXene/AgNWs	152.5	—	—	—	5 s	[55]
Dissolution and recuring	G/TPU	158	14.14	—	—	—	[54]
Pattern transferring
FsLDW	rGO/PDMS	162	8699	0-1	10000	107 μs	[59]
Laser direct writ- ing technology	SR/MWCNTs/LIG	155	667	0-230	2500	—	[63]
CO₂ laser engraving	PDMS/CNT	155	3.1	0-100	5000	—	[35]
Reactive ion etching	PS/PDMS/CNT	165	0.6	0-80	10000	—	[64]
Template Method	AgNWs/CNTs/PCL/PU	152	—	0-100	25000	—	[34]
Notes: G—Graphene; TPE—Thermoplastic elastomer; SR—Silicone rubber; CNT—Carbon nanotube; PS—Polystyrene; PCL—Polycaprolactone; AgNPs—Ag nanoparticles; MWCNTs—Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; TPU—Thermoplastic polyurethane; LIG—Laser induced graphene; GF—Gauge factor; LBL—Layer-by-layer self-assembly; FsLDW—Femtosecond laser direct writing; rGO—Reduced graphene oxide; CA—Contact angle.

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表 3 超疏水柔性应变传感器在人体运动监测中的功能

Table 3. Functions of superhydrophobic flexible strain sensor in human motion monitoring

Functions	Construction materials	Max GF	Work scope/%	Cycle stability/time	Response time/ms	Ref.
Waterproof and sweatproof	TPE/WMCNTs/PDMS	69.84	0-80	1000	60	[27]
	WMCNTs/PDMS	22.64	0-200	10000	—	[33]
	Paper/MXene	17.4	0-0.8	1000	200	[68]
	Sponge/PAN/PI/rGO/PDMS	—	>95	1000	—	[70]
	PDMS/CB/SiO₂	354	0-250	10000	—	[80]
	PDMS/GO	1199.10	0-400	3000	88	[81]
Anti-corrosion	RB/AgNPs/PDMS	1153.0	0-60	25000	—	[72]
	RTV/WMCNTs	214	0-447	10000	—	[73]
	EB/AgNPs/OCA	61.8	0-120	2000	502	[82]
	Paper/CB/CNT/Hf-SiO₂	7.5	−0.8-0.8	1000	—	[83]
Self-cleaning	TPU/GO	14.14	0-350	1000	—	[54]
	Sponge/rGO/PPy/PDMS	—	—	5000	118	[75]
	CB/CNTs/PFOTES-TiO₂ NPs	1134.7	0-1050.0	5000	102	[76]
	CNC/G	23600	0-98	1000	33	[84]
Anti-bacterial	Fabric/GO/CNT/Cu	0.18	0-150	1200	—	[79]
Anti-bacterial	FAS/Ag/MWCNG/G-PDMS	1989	0.1-170	1000	150	[78]
Notes: PAN—Polyacrylonitrile; RTV—Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber; GO—Graphene oxide; CNC—Cellulose nanocrystal; FAS—Heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetradecyl trimethoxysilane; G-PDMS—Graphene-modified PDMS; PI—Polyimide; CB—Carbon black; RB—Rubber band; OCA—Octadecanoic acid; Hf-SiO₂—Hydrophobic fumed silic; PPy—Polypyrrole; PFOTES-TiO₂ NPs—Perfluoro-octyltriethoxysilane modified TiO₂ nanoparticles.

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