Preparation and mechanical properties of spreading cloth/carbon fiber felt needledC/C composites
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摘要: 为提高针刺碳/碳(C/C)复合材料致密化效率和承载性能，分别设计了16 mm展宽布与网胎交替叠层的针刺预制体(B-NPs)、8 mm展宽布与网胎交替叠层的针刺预制体(H-NPs)及外层采用B-NPs结构、内层采用H-NPs结构的针刺预制体(T-NPs)，联合化学气相渗透和浸渍-碳化工艺制备了3种针刺C/C复合材料。采用阿基米德排水法和X射线计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)技术对3种针刺C/C复合材料的致密化效率、孔隙率和孔隙分布进行了统计，并开展了常温下三点弯曲力学性能测试。结果表明：随着展宽纱线宽度的增加，针刺C/C复合材料致密化效率得到提高，内部孔隙率有所下降。在相同的致密化时间内，B-NPs增密效果最佳，密度达到1.42 g/cm3，孔隙率仅为10.67%。三点弯曲载荷下，3种材料均表现出脆性破坏，其中T-NPs的弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别为173.04 MPa和20.66 GPa，具有优异的抗弯性能。3种材料的初始破坏位置均发生在针刺纤维束附近，其中低孔隙率的B-NPs针刺纤维束和碳布层破坏以纤维断裂为主；高孔隙率的H-NPs纤维/基体界面结合能力差，碳布层的破坏以纤维/基体界面脱粘和纤维拔出为主导。
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关键词:
- 针刺C/C复合材料 /
- 展宽布 /
- X射线计算机断层扫描 /
- 力学性能 /
- 脆性破坏
Abstract: In order to improve the densification efficiency and load-bearing performance of needle punched carbon/carbon (C/C) composites, needle punched preforms B-NPs with 16 mm spreading coth and felt tire alternating layers, needle punched preforms H-NPs with 8 mm spreading coth and felt tire alternating layers, and needle punched preforms T-NPs with B-NPs structure on the outer layer and H-NPs structure on the inner layer were designed. Three types of needle punched C/C composites were prepared by combining chemical vapor infiltration and impregnation-carbonization processes. The densification efficiency, porosity and pore distribution of three kinds of needle punched C/C composites were statistically analyzed by Archimedes drainage method and X-ray computed tomography (Micro-CT) technology, and three-point bending mechanical properties were tested at room temperature. The results indicate that as the width of the widened yarn increases, the densification efficiency of the needle punched C/C composite material is improved, and the internal porosity decreases. Within the same densification time, B-NPs have the best densification effect, with a density of 1.42g/cm3 and a porosity of only 10.67%. Under three-point bending load, the three materials all show brittle failure. The bending strength and flexural modulus of T-NPs are 173.04 MPa and 25.03 GPa respectively, which have excellent bending resistance. The initial failure of the three materials all occurs near the needle punched fiber bundle, with fiber fracture being the main failure mode for the low porosity B-NPs needle punched fiber bundle and carbon cloth layer; High porosity H-NPs fiber/matrix interface has poor bonding ability, and the failure of carbon cloth layer is dominated by fiber/matrix debonding and fiber pullout. -
图 1 针刺预制体铺层结构设计
Figure 1. Design of needle punched prefabricated layer structure
B-NPs—16 mm spreading coth and felt lamination layers; H-NPs—8 mm spreading coth and felt lamination layers; T-NPs—Outer layer is made of 16 mm spreading cloth with mesh tire lamination, while the inner layer is made of 8 mm spreading cloth with felt lamination
图 2 三点弯曲实验装置及加载方式
Figure 2. Three point bending experimental device and loading method
图 3 化学气相渗透(CVI)工艺致密化密度变化
Figure 3. Density variation during chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) densification process
图 4 T700-12K碳纤维纱线展宽微观结构
Figure 4. Microstructure of T700-12K carbon fiber yarn stretching
图 5 3种预制体热解碳沉积简化模型
Figure 5. Simplified models for pyrolysis carbon deposition of three types of preforms
图 7 3种预制体液相浸渍-碳化简化模型
Figure 7. Simplified models for impregnation-carbonization of three types of prefabricated bodies
图 8 展宽布/网胎针刺C/C复合材料内部孔隙统计
Figure 8. Internal pore statistics of spreading cloth/felt needled C/C composites
图 9 展宽布/网胎针刺C/C复合材料孔隙分布特征：(a) B-NPs；(b) H-NPs；(c) T-NPs
Figure 9. Pore distribution characteristics of spreading cloth/felt needle punched C/C composites: (a) B-NPs; (b) H-NPs; (c) T-NPs
图 10 展宽布/网胎针刺C/C复合材料三点弯曲载荷-位移曲线
Figure 10. Three point bending load-displacement curves of spreading cloth/felt needle punched C/C composites
图 11 展宽布/网胎针刺C/C复合材料弯曲强度和模量
Figure 11. Bending strength and modulus of spreading cloth/felt needle punched C/C composites
图 12 弯曲载荷下针刺C/C复合材料宏观损伤形貌
Figure 12. Macroscopic damage morphologies of needle punched C/C composites under bending load
图 13 针刺C/C复合材料损伤机制示意图：(a) B-NPs；(b) H-NPs；(c) T-NPs
Figure 13. Schematic diagram of damage mechanism of needle punched C/C composite material: (a) B-NPs; (b) H-NPs; (c) T-NPs
图 14 X射线计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)针刺预制体内部形貌：(a) B-NPs；(b) H-NPs；(c) T-NPs
Figure 14. Morphology of X-ray computed tomography (Micro-CT) needle preformed body: (a) B-NPs; (b) H-NPs; (c) T-NPs
图 15 展宽布/网胎针刺C/C复合材料三点弯曲损伤SEM图像
Figure 15. SEM images of three-point bending damage of spreading cloth/felt needle punched C/C composite material
表 1 针刺基布与网胎性能参数
Table 1. Performance parameters of needle punched substrate and carbon fiber felt
Material Thickness/mm Surface density/(g·m−2) Yarn density/(yarn·10 cm−1) Size/mm2 16 mm spreading carbon cloth 0.08 100 6.25 350×220 8 mm spreading carbon cloth 0.16 200 12.50 350×220 Short cut fiber felt 0.40 50 — 350×220 
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表 2 针刺预制体参数
Table 2. Parameters of needle punched preforms
Preform Density/(g·cm−3) Number of layers Thickness/mm Volume fraction/vol% 16 mm 8 mm Carbon fiber felt H-NPs 0.35 — 10 9 6.04 22.41 B-NPs 0.29 10 — 9 5.79 18.73 T-NPs 0.33 6 4 9 6.13 20.78
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表 3 针刺C/C复合材料密度基孔隙率
Table 3. Density based porosity of needle punched C/C composite materials
Composite CVI/(g·cm−3) LPI/(g·cm−3) Porosity/% B-NPs 0.78 1.42 10.67 H-NPs 0.74 1.31 13.32 T-NPs 0.76 1.37 11.80 Note: LPI—Liquid-phase impregnation/carbonization.
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