超短脉冲激光精细加工纤维增强树脂基复合材料的研究进展

李遥遥; 侯新富; 何光宇; 王明伟

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220804.005

超短脉冲激光精细加工纤维增强树脂基复合材料的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20220804.005

南开大学　现代光学研究所　天津市微尺度光学信息技术科学重点实验室，天津 300350

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(12174201)

详细信息

通讯作者:
王明伟，博士，教授，研究方向为飞秒激光科学与创新应用、太赫兹光电子学　E-mail: wangmingwei@nankai.edu.cn

中图分类号: TN249
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-05-25
- 修回日期: 2022-07-15
- 录用日期: 2022-07-23
- 网络出版日期: 2022-08-05
- 刊出日期: 2023-05-15

Research progress of ultrashort pulse laser precision machining fiber reinforced resin matrix composite materials

Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute of Modern Optics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (12174201)

摘要

摘要: 纤维增强树脂基复合材料具有轻质量、高强度、耐腐蚀和抗疲劳等优点，被广泛地应用在航空航天、风电及汽车等领域。然而纤维树脂复合材料是各向异性的非均质材料，属于典型的难加工材料，现有的加工技术存在热影响区过大、分层、起毛等问题，成为航空航天工业领域的精密加工技术瓶颈。超短脉冲激光加工作为一种新型加工技术，具有无热传递、不受物质种类限制、微小尺度、可控性强、非接触等优点，有望实现纤维复合材料的精细加工。本文在介绍目前激光加工纤维复合材料研究工作的基础上，讨论了超短脉冲激光加工以碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料为主的纤维复合材料的作用机制和提高加工质量的几种方法，指出了以突破航天工业高精度加工技术瓶颈为目的的超短脉冲激光精细加工纤维增强树脂基复合材料的研究方向、内容和科学问题，为后续实现符合航天工业高精度及大尺度要求的精密加工提供了技术路线和可能的解决方案。
- 超短脉冲激光 /
- 纤维增强树脂基复合材料 /
- 热影响区 /
- 微加工 /
- 冷切削
Abstract: Fiber reinforced resin matrix composites are widely used in aerospace, wind power and automobile industry due to the advantages of light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance etc. However, as heterogeneous anisotropic materials, fiber-reinforced composites are difficult to process. Traditional processing methods can lead to problems like excessive heat affected zone, delamination and fuzzing, which are difficult to meet the requirements of high-precision processing in the aeronautic and astronautic industry. As a new processing technique, ultrashort pulse laser processing has the advantages of micro scale, strong controllability, no material restriction and non-contact. It is expected to realize the high-precision processing of fiber composites. In this paper, on the basis of the current research on ultrafast laser processing carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) was reviewed, and the mechanisms of ultrafast laser processing CFRP and methods to improve the machining quality were discussed. Further, the research direction and content for the purpose of breaking through the bottleneck of high-precision machining technology in aerospace industry are prospected, which provides a technical route and possible solutions for precision machining meeting the high-precision and large-scale requirements of the aerospace industry.
- ultrashort pulse laser /
- fiber reinforced resin matrix composites /
- HAZ /
- micro-machining /
- cold machining

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图 1 受激电子弛豫过程的时间尺度

Figure 1. Various processes of excited electron relaxation

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图 2 (a) 长脉冲激光加工；(b) 超短脉冲激光加工^[17]

Figure 2. (a) Long pulse laser processing; (b) Ultrashort pulse laser processing^[17]

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图 3 超短脉冲激光加工的影响因素

CW—Continue wave; HAZ—Heat-affected zone

Figure 3. Influencing factors of ultrashort laser processing

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图 4 实验装置图^[23]

f—Focal length

Figure 4. Scheme of the experimental setup^[23]

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图 5 (a) 2 mm碳纤维树脂基复合材料(CFRP)样品打孔；(b) 边缘微观形貌^[23]

Figure 5. (a) 2 mm thick carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) samples; (b) Marginal morphology of hole edge^[23]

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图 6 不同激光器和加工方法对热影响区(HAZ)的影响对比^[24]

TEA—Transversely excited atmospheric pressure; YAG—Y₃Al₅O₁₂

Figure 6. Comparison of the effect of different lasers and machining methods on heat affected zone (HAZ)^[24]

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图 7 (a)纳秒激光和连续激光；(b)超短脉冲激光(CFRP厚度为0.4 mm)^[25]

AFRP—Aramid fiberreinforced polymer

Figure 7. (a) Nanosecond laser and continuous laser; (b) Ultrashort pulse laser (CFRP's thickness equals 0.4 mm)^[25]

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图 8 尼龙塑料聚酰胺6(PA6)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、塑胶原料(PPS)和树脂的吸收光谱^[31]

Figure 8. Absorption spectrum of Nylon plastic polyamide 6 (PA6), polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK), plastic raw material (PPS) and epoxy resin^[31]

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图 9 不同激光参数加工的CFRP样品的扫描电镜图像^[32]

Figure 9. SEM images of CFRP samples processed with different laser parameters^[32]

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图 10 (a) 皮秒激光加工CFRP机制图；(b) 皮秒激光“双旋转”加工方法^[36]

R—Hole radius; r—Laser rotation radius; V—Scanning speed; d—Rotation distance

Figure 10. (a) CFRP sublimation mechanism with the picosecond laser; (b) Picosecond laser “double rotation” cutting method^[36]

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图 11 (a) 实验光路图；(b) 孔边缘HAZ形貌^[26]

Figure 11. (a) Experimental optical path diagram; (b) Morphologies of the HAZ at the edge of the hole

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图 12 (a) 激光路径示意图；(b) 传统扫描方式；(c) 交错扫描方式^[37]

h—Scanning spacing; H—Interlaced scanning method interlaced spacing

Figure 12. (a) Schematic diagram of laser path; (b) Traditional scanning method; (c) Interlaced scanning method^[37]

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图 13 热电阻模型：(a) 平行于纤维轴的热传导；(b) 垂直于纤维轴的热传导；(c) 激光平行纤维方向切割示意图；(d) 激光垂直纤维方向切割示意图

R_m—Matrix's resistance; R_f—Fiber's resistance

Figure 13. Thermal resistance model: (a) Heat conduction parallel to the fiber axis; (b) Heat conduction perpendicular to the fiber axis; (c) Laser cutting parallel to the fiber direction; (d) Laser cutting perpendicular to the fiber direction

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图 14 飞秒激光泵浦探测实验光路

CCD—Charge coupled device; BBO—Barium boron oxide crystal

Figure 14. Experimental optical path of femtosecond laser pumped detection

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图 15 飞秒激光泵浦探测全息实验光路

SPG₁, SPG₂—Spatial pulse generation; PBS—Polarizing beam splitter; BS₁, BS₂—Beam splitter; L₁, L₂, L₃—Lens; Delay₁—Delay optical path; CCD—Charge coupled device; λ—Wave length

Figure 15. Experimental optical path of femtosecond laser pumped detection holography

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图 16 (a) 传统聚焦加工；(b) 飞秒激光成丝加工

Figure 16. (a) Traditional focusing processing; (b) Femtosecond laser filament processing

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图 17 高斯光束和平顶光束能量分布图

I—Intensity; D—Diameter

Figure 17. Energy distribution of Gaussian beam and flat topped beam

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表 1 激光与非金属相互作用光电离方式

Table 1. Photoionization mode of laser nonmetal interaction

Laser type	Power density/(W·cm⁻²)	Ionization mechanisms	Ionizations
Long pulse laser	<10¹³	Linear effect	Linear ionization, impact ionization
Ultrafast laser	>>10¹³	Nonlinear effect	Multiphoton ionization, tunneling ionization

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表 2 各种激光源切割AFRP与CFRP的典型热影响区尺度^[25]

Table 2. Typical heat affected zone for laser cutting AFRP and CFRP sheets^[25]

	CO₂ laser	ns laser	ps/fs laser
AFRP/mm	0.5-1.0	0.5-1.0	0.01-0.1
CFRP/mm	1.0-2.0	1.0-2.0	0.01-0.1

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表 3 不同类型激光切割CFRP的HAZ

Table 3. HAZ of CFRP cut by different types of laser

Laser type	Wavelength	Pulse length	Machining condition	HAZ	Refs.
Nd:YAG laser	1064 nm	10 ps	Average power 80 W Repetition rate 0.2-10 MHz Focus diameter 70 μm	<5 μm	[23]
Femtosecond laser	(1028±5) nm	290 fs	Pulse energy >0.2 mJ Maximum average power 10 W Maximum repetition rate 1100 kHz	<10 μm	[26]
TEA CO₂ laser	10.6 μm	8 μs	Average power 300 W Maximum average power 2 J Pulse repetition rate 150 Hz	~10 μm	[24]
Femtosecond laser	343 nm	500 fs	Average power 0-15 W Repetition rate 1 Hz-2 MHz Focus diameter 10 μm	<25 μm	[27]
Ytterbium fiber laser	1.06 μm	5 ns	Average laser power 30 W Pulse repetition rate 30 kHz Scanning speed 0.5-1.5 m/s	<50 μm	[28]
Nanosecond UV laser	355 nm	50 ns	Average power 0.02-20.61 W Repetition rate 20-100 MHz Pulse energy 0.4 mJ	<50 μm	[29]
Quasi continue wave (QCW) fiber laser	(1070±5) nm	QCW	Modulation frequency 50 kHz Pulse energy 45 J Average power 450 W	~300 μm	[30]

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