Research progress on construction and properties of polymer gradient materials
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摘要: 聚合物梯度材料是成分或结构在某一维或多维方向上连续或准连续变化的具有复合功能的聚合物基材料。其梯度结构赋予了材料独特的优势，如：可调控成分的空间分布、可避免界面应力和兼容多种性能等。聚合物梯度材料连续变化的性能可满足多种使用需求，在航空航天、生物医药、电子信息、机械工程等领域都有广泛的应用。本文根据梯度的变化维度将其分为一维、二维和三维聚合物梯度材料，分别介绍了三种材料的制备方法、性能优势及应用领域。一维聚合物梯度纤维的梯度折射率提高了光纤传输的速度和距离，有助于光通信领域的发展。二维聚合物梯度材料主要分为涂层和薄膜材料，可通过表面修饰和场梯度的方法制备梯度结构，得到的梯度表面可提供一种高通量的平台来研究和优化材料与生物之间的相互作用。三维聚合物梯度材料包括聚合物梯度交联网络材料、聚合物梯度填充复合材料和聚合物梯度结晶材料，梯度结构可提高其力学性能、改善应力集中，拓展了聚合物在机械工程和生物医用领域的应用。最后，对聚合物梯度材料的制备、表征及应用等方面存在的挑战做出展望。Abstract: Polymer gradient materials are functional heterogeneous polymer-based materials, where their compositions or structures change continuously or quasi continuously in one or multi-dimensional direction. The gradient structure endows the material with unique advantages, such as adjustable spatial distribution of components, avoidance of interfacial stress and compatibility with a variety of properties. Polymer gradient materials have a wide range of applications in aerospace, biomedicines, electronic information, mechanical engineering and other fields. In this paper, they are divided into one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional polymer gradient materials according to the variation dimension of gradient. The preparation methods, performance advantages and application fields of the three materials are introduced respectively. The gradient refractive index of one-dimensional polymer gradient fiber improves the speed and distance of optical fiber transmission and contributes to the development of optical communication field. Two-dimensional polymer gradient materials can be divided into the coating and thin film materials. Gradient structures can be prepared by surface modification and field gradient methods. The resulting gradient surface can provide a high-throughput platform to study and optimize the interaction between materials and organisms. Three-dimensional polymer gradient materials include gradient crosslinking network polymer materials, gradient filled polymer composites and gradient crystallization polymer materials. The gradient structure can improve their mechanical properties and stress concentration, and expand the applications of polymers in mechanical engineering and biomedical fields. Finally, the challenges in the preparation, characterization and application of polymer gradient materials are prospected.
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Key words:
- polymer gradient materials /
- bionic structure /
- dimensionality /
- performance /
- research progress
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图 1 (a) 贻贝照片和贻贝足丝模量示意图[1]；(b) 瓢虫刚毛SEM图像和AFM图像[21]；(c) 鱿鱼喙照片和分层拉伸实验[23]：(d) 沙蚕颚照片和颚部Zn离子分布图[24]；(e) 菊花苞片照片和组织SEM图像[27]；(f) 含羞草照片和组织细胞示意图[28-29]
Figure 1. (a) Photographs of mussel and modulus of mussel byssus[1]; (b) SEM and AFM images of tarsal setae[21]; (c) Photographs of squid beak and tensile testing of differently tanned hydrated parts[23]; (d) Photographs of nereis jaw and Zn distribution in jaw[24]; (e) Photographs of capitulum and SEM images of bracts[27]; (f) Photographs of mimosa pudica and schematic diagram of a pulvinus cross section[28-29]
Emuscle—Modulus of the byssal retractor muscles; Estem—Modulus of the byssal stem; Eprox—Modulus of the byssal at the proximal end; Edist—Modulus of the byssal at the distal end; Erock—Modulus of the rock
图 2 (a) 填充梯度模型；(b) 多孔梯度结构；(c) 组分梯度模型；(d) 交联密度梯度模型；(e) 结晶度梯度模型
Figure 2. (a) Filling gradient; (b) Porous gradient; (c) Composition gradient; (d) Crosslinking gradient; (e) Crystallinity gradient
图 3 (a) 界面凝胶聚合中，掺杂分子扩散到聚合物凝胶相形成梯度分布示意图[47]；(b) 甲基丙烯酸甲酯-邻苯二甲酸苄丁酯(MMA-BBP)系统折射率分布图[48]；(c) 低温界面凝胶聚合法制备有机染料浓度分布图[50]
Figure 3. (a) Schematic representation of the diffusion of dopant molecules into polymer gel phase to form the graded-index distribution on the cross section of the polymerization tube in interfacial-gel polymerization[47]; (b) Refractive-index profile of methyl methacrylate-benzyl butyl phthalate (MMA-BBP) system GI preform[48]; (c) A radial profile of dye prepared via the low-temperature interfacial-gel polymerization[50]
图 4 (a) C1s 的XPS图谱：表示四种成分的百分比与梯度膜中心距离的关系[43]；(b) 梯度膜厚度(黑点线)和O/C元素比例(空心圆)[43]；(c) 高分辨率C1s XPS光谱的3 D图[43]；(d) 磁性颗粒体积分数为8vol%聚合物横截面SEM-EDX光谱图像，叠加曲线显示了样品横截面上的纳米颗粒体积分数[34]；((e)、(f)) 不同时间段聚合物的纳米颗粒体积分数、弹性模量和硬度随薄膜厚度的变化[34]
Figure 4. (a) XPS C1s curves fitted component data presented as percentage C1 s component vs distance from the center of the gradient films[43]; (b) Film thickness (dark symbols) and O/C elemental ratio (hollow symbols) plotted across the DGpp gradients as a function of distance[43]; (c) 3 D plot of high-resolution C1s XPS spectra[43]; (d) Cross-sectional SEM-EDX spectral images of polymer with magnetic particle volume fraction of 8vol%, the superimposed curves indicate the nanoparticle volume fractions all along the sample cross-sections[34]; ((e), (f)) Nanoparticle volume fraction, elastic modulus and hardness of the polymer varied with the thickness of the film[34]
图 5 (a) 聚合物梯度交联网络简单扩散法制备过程示意图；(b) 梯度聚合物、互穿网络聚合物和MA-MMA无规共聚物(比率60/40)的应力-应变曲线[65]；(c) 不同温度下梯度聚合物和互穿网络的应力-应变曲线[60]；(d) 聚合物梯度交联网络自梯度法制备过程示意图[10]；((e)~(g)) 三种交联网络的tanσ[10]；(h) 辐照法制备交联密度梯度超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)髋臼组件的示意图[44]；(i) 熔融辐照和传统制备UHMWPE衬垫的耐磨性测试数据[44]
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of polymer gradient crosslinking network by simple diffusion; (b) Stress-stain curves of gradient polymer, interpenetrating networks and random copolymer of methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate (ratio 60/40)[65]; (c) Stress-stain curves of gradient polymer and interpenetrating networks under different temperature[60]; (d) Schematic diagram of polymer gradient crosslinking network by the self-stratification mechanism[10]; ((e)-(g)) tanσ values of the three kinds of Interpenetrating polymer network materials[10]; (h) Schematic diagram of gradient crosslinking of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) using irradiation in molten state for total joint arthroplasty[44]; (i) Gravimetric weight loss data of melt-irradiated and control UHMWPE crosslinking polymer[44]
IPN—Interpenetrating polymer network; PU—Polyurethane; dh—Thickness of liquid resin
图 6 (a) 离心法制备样品流程图[35]；(b) 样品制备过程的时间步骤示意图[35]；(c) 样品离心30 min后纤维梯度的光学显微镜图[35]；(d) 3 D打印导电聚乳酸梯度材料的混合制备过程示意图；(e) 在PLA和G-PLA的挤出比为19∶1到1∶19的情况下，施加10 V电压 300 s后的温度与位置关系图[11]；(f) 用于在SiO2中生成梯度浓度的微流控网络的设计[70]
Figure 6. (a) Flow diagram of sample preparation by centrifugal method; (b) Sketch of the time steps for sample preparation[35]; (c) A light microscope pictures showing the gradient of sample, centrifuged after 30 min[35]; (d) Schematic representation of the mixed fabrication process of 3 D-printed conductive polylactic acid composites[35]; (e) Temperature vs position on the sheet with a varying extrusion ratios of PLA and G-PLA from 19∶1 to 1∶19, after applying 10 V for 300 s[11]; (f) Design of the microfluidic network used to generate a gradient in topography [70]
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