Influence of mold temperature on hydration heat of cement under continuous negative temperature and its prediction model
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摘要: 为了研究持续−5℃与20℃养护环境下，不同入模温度的水泥水化发展规律，开展了两种养护制度下，入模温度分别为5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃水泥净浆水化热试验，分析养护制度与入模温度对水泥净浆水化热作用机制，探究了负温下水泥内部自由水相变作用对其性能影响，建立了两种养护制度下考虑入模温度（5~20℃）的水化热预测模型。研究结果表明：养护制度一定时，随着龄期与入模温度增长，水泥净浆水化热与水化程度均逐渐增大；入模温度会使20℃养护与持续−5℃养护的水化热差值峰值与水化速率等值龄期发生提前；负温与低入模温度均会使水化进程出现龄期“滞后”现象，通过分析二者共同作用的水化热发展规律及其对水泥净浆微观作用机制，建议在负温环境下，可在合理范围内适当提高入模温度，以优化混凝土宏-微观性能。Abstract: In order to study the hydration development law of cement with different molding temperatures under continuous −5°C and 20°C curing environment, the hydration heat tests of cement paste with different molding temperatures of 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20°C were carried out under two curing systems. The hydration heat mechanism of cement paste with different curing systems and molding temperatures was analyzed. The effect of free water phase transformation on the performance of cement under negative temperature was explored. The hydration heat prediction model considering molding temperature ( 5~20°C ) under two curing systems was established. The results show that when the curing system is fixed, the hydration heat and hydration degree of cement paste increase gradually with the increase of curing age and mold temperature. The peak value of hydration heat difference and the equivalent age of hydration rate of 20°C curing and continuous −5°C curing are advanced by the molding temperature. Both negative temperature and low molding temperature will cause the age ' lag ' phenomenon in the hydration process. By analyzing the development law of hydration heat and its microscopic mechanism of action on cement paste, it is suggested that the molding temperature can be appropriately increased within a reasonable range to optimize the macro-micro performance of concrete under the negative temperature environment.
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图 2 溶解热法测定水泥净浆水化热
Figure 2. Determination of hydration heat of cement paste by dissolution heat method
C—Calorimeter heat capacity (J/℃); G0—Weight of zinc oxide (g); t—Room temperature when zinc oxide is added into the calorimeter (℃); ta—Sum of the first measured reading in the dissolution period and the corresponding centigrade temperature at 0℃ of the Beckmann thermometer (℃); R0—Revised temperature rise (℃); q1—Heat of dissolution of unhydrated cement samples (J/g); G1—Quality of unhydrated cement samples after burning (g); T′—Room temperature of unhydrated cement sample filled with calorimeter (℃); ta′—Sum of the first measured reading of the unhydrated cement sample during the dissolution period and the corresponding centigrade temperature at 0℃ of the Beckmann thermometer (℃); R1—Revised temperature rise (℃); q2—Dissolution heat of hydrated cement sample after hydration for a certain age (J/g); G2—Quality of hydrated cement sample at a certain age after burning (g); T′′—Room temperature at which the hydrated cement sample is loaded into the calorimeter (℃); ta′′—Sum of the first measured reading of the hydration cement sample during the dissolution period and the corresponding centigrade temperature at 0℃ of the Beckmann thermometer (℃); R2—Revised temperature rise (℃)
图 3 两种养护制度下入模温度与水泥净浆水化热及水化程度的关系
Figure 3. Relationship between molding temperature and hydration heat and hydration degree of cement paste under two curing systems
图 4 养护制度与水泥净浆水化热的关系
Figure 4. Relationship between curing system and hydration heat of cement paste
图 5 两种养护方式下水泥净浆水化热拟合模型对比
Figure 5. Comparison of fitting models of hydration heat of cement paste under two maintenance modes
图 6 不同入模温度的水泥净浆水化热双曲线模型
Figure 6. Hyperbolic model of hydration heat of cement paste for different molding temperatures
图 7 20℃养护水泥净浆m (a)、n (b)参数拟合
Figure 7. m (a) and n (b) parameters fitting of cement paste at 20 °C curing
图 8 持续−5℃养护水泥净浆m (a)、n (b)参数拟合
Figure 8. m (a) and n (b) parameters fitting of cement paste at −5℃ curing
图 9 20℃环境和持续−5℃环境下水泥净浆m (a)、n (b)参数关系
Figure 9. Relationship between m (a) and n (b) parameters of cement paste under 20℃ and continuous −5℃ curing
s and e—Subscripts of corresponding parameters of 20℃ curing and continuous −5℃ curing, respectively
表 1 P·O42.5普通硅酸盐水泥物理力学指标
Table 1. Physical and mechanical indexes of ordinary portland cement for P·O42.5
Testing
indexLoss on ignition/
wt%Water requirement of normal consistency of cement/wt% Specific surface area/(m2·kg−1) SO3/
wt%MgO/
wt%Cl−/
wt%Stability Setting time/min Mechanical property/MPa Flexural strength Compressive strength Initial
setFinal
set3 days 28 days 3 days 28 days Measured value 3.05 27.4 349 2.56 2.04 0.023 Qualification 95 140 5.5 8.9 23.4 46.6 
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表 2 试验用水检测指标
Table 2. Test water detection indexes
Testing
itemspH Intolerance content/
(mg·L−1)Soluble content/
(mg·L−1)SO42−/
(mg·L−1)Cl−/
(mg·L−1)Mixing conveyor water 8.02 168 112 76.6 20.3
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表 3 水泥净浆配合比
Table 3. Proportion of cement paste
Serial
numberWater/
gCement/
gCuring temperature/
℃Molding temperature/
℃SE5 190 500 20 5 SE10 190 500 20 10 SE15 190 500 20 15 SE20 190 500 20 20 NE5 190 500 −5 5 NE10 190 500 −5 10 NE15 190 500 −5 15 NE20 190 500 −5 20 Notes: SE—Curing at 20°C; NE—Curing at continuous −5°C; Numbers after SE and NE—Corresponding molding temperature under two curing methods.
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表 4 20℃养护水泥净浆水化热模型验证对比
Table 4. Verification and comparison of hydration heat models of cement paste for curing at 20℃
J/g Fitting model Age/day R2 7 21 35 49 63 +∞ $ {Q_t} = 73.82{t^{0.36}} $ 148.73(1.73) 220.89(−7.54) 265.48(4.01) 299.67(2.87) 328.05(8.88) +∞ 0.95125 $ {Q_t} = \dfrac{{345.07t}}{{9.15 + t}} $ 149.57(2.30) 240.35(0.61) 273.55(1.17) 290.77(0.18) 301.31(0.002) 345.07 0.99979 $ {Q_t} = 73.31\ln t + 9.39 $ 152.04(4.00) 232.58(−2.64) 270.03(2.45) 294.70(1.17) 313.12(3.92) +∞ 0.99423 $ {Q_t} = 454(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - 0.02695t}}) $ 78.05(46.61) 196.21(17.87) 277.23(0.16) 332.79(14.24) 370.88(23.09) 454 0.62376 $ {Q_t} = 454(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - {{(0.02321t)}^{0.5184}}}}) $ 146.56(0.25) 226.05(−5.38) 269.02(−2.81) 298.11(2.34) 319.66(6.09) 454 0.97585 $ {Q_t} = 454(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - 0.09677 \times {5^{0.23826}}{t^{0.5187}}}}) $ 146.50(0.20) 226.02(−5.39) 269.01(−2.81) 298.12(2.34) 319.68(6.10) 454 0.97585 Validation data 146.2 238.9 276.8 291.3 301.3 454 − Notes: Qt—Cumulative hydration heat of cement paste; t—Age; Qmax—Theoretical hydration heat; R2—Coefficient of determination; Relative error between verification data and calculation model in parentheses (%).
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表 5 持续−5℃养护水泥净浆水化热模型验证对比
Table 5. Verification and comparison of hydration heat model of cement paste for continuous −5℃ maintenance
J/g Fitting model Age/day R2 7 21 35 49 63 +∞ $ {Q_t} = 27.64{t^{0.54}} $ 79.05(5.82) 143.07(−6.86) 188.51(0.06) 226.07(4.76) 258.93(9.95) +∞ 0.97339 $ {Q_t} = \dfrac{{320.05t}}{{22.76 + t}} $ 75.28(0.78) 153.59(0.00) 193.94(2.94) 218.54(1.27) 235.11(0.17) 331.51 0.99750 $ {Q_t} = 68.07\ln t - 48.44 $ 84.02(12.47) 158.80(3.39) 193.57(2.75) 216.48(0.31) 233.58(−0.81) +∞ 0.99531 $ {Q_t} = 454(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - 0.01508t}}) $ 45.48(−39.11) 123.23(−19.77) 186.18(−1.18) 237.16(9.90) 278.43(18.23) 454 0.89346 $ {Q_t} = 454(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - {{(0.00985t)}^{0.5669}}}}) $ 89.50(19.81) 152.49(−0.72) 191.22(1.50) 219.74(1.83) 242.32(2.90) 454 0.99984 $ {Q_t} = {Q_{\max }}(1 - {{\rm{e}}^{ - a{T^b}{t^c}}}) $ − − − − − − No converge Validation data 74.7 153.6 188.4 215.8 235.5 454 −
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表 6 不同环境方式下水泥净浆双曲线模型拟合参数及决定系数
Table 6. Fitting parameters and determination coefficients of hyperbolic model of cement paste under different maintenance modes
Curing
temperature/℃Molding
temperature/℃m n R2 20 5 345.07 9.15 0.99979 10 361.01 6.21 0.99502 15 386.44 5.20 0.9987 20 416.95 3.87 0.99717 −5 5 320.05 22.76 0.9975 10 329.18 17.32 0.99641 15 352.29 13.59 0.99622 20 381.30 10.47 0.9997
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表 7 两种养护方式下式(17)计算模型水泥净浆水化热验证对比
Table 7. Formula (17) verification and comparison of calculation model of hydration heat of cement paste under two maintenance modes
J/g Curing temperature
/℃Molding temperature
/℃Age/day 7 21 35 49 63 20 10 187.34
(4.08)276.22
(0.22)305.17
(−0.01)319.53
(0.42)328.10
(−0.45)15 228.85
(9.60)314.44
(−0.15)339.86
(0.94)352.06
(1.05)359.22
(−0.19)20 268.29
(1.05)352.87
(−0.32)376.62
(0.57)387.81
(0.81)394.31
(0.23)−5 10 95.55
(−8.39)182.36
(2.10)222.85
(2.89)246.29
(0.49)261.57
(0.53)15 122.96
(3.24)217.83
(5.28)257.58
(1.37)279.43
(0.52)293.25
(1.59)20 153.71
(3.79)256.90
(5.20)296.74
(2.21)317.86
(1.29)330.95
(1.33)Note: Relative error between verification data and calculation model in parentheses (%).
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