低密度纤维增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料的力学特性及断裂机制

张鸿宇; 钱震; 牛波; 张亚运; 龙东辉

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210909.002

低密度纤维增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料的力学特性及断裂机制

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210909.002

华东理工大学　化工学院，上海 200237

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(22078100)

详细信息

通讯作者:
龙东辉，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为热防护材料与技术　E-mail：longdh@mail.ecust.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-26
- 修回日期: 2021-08-16
- 录用日期: 2021-08-20
- 网络出版日期: 2021-09-09
- 刊出日期: 2022-08-31

Mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of low-density fiber preforms reinforced phenolic aerogel composites

State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China

摘要

摘要: 分别以低密度玻璃纤维、石英纤维、碳纤维针刺预制体为增强体，制备出不同的纤维针刺预制体增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料(NF/PA)，研究了纤维种类对材料力学性能及断裂行为的影响。结果表明：酚醛气凝胶与纤维预制体形成良好的界面结构，微观上呈现“珠串”状三维开孔网络结构特征，因而复合材料具有较低的密度(0.45 g/cm³)和室温热导率(0.046~0.067 W/(m·K))。在拉伸与压缩过程中，基于NF/PA明显的塑性形变现象，分析了裂纹扩展过程中材料所吸收的能量，发现纤维种类会显著影响界面特性进而影响材料断裂和失效机制。其中，碳纤维的界面结合强度小于酚醛气凝胶极限剪切应力，在断裂过程中纤维先与酚醛气凝胶脱粘，表现为“滑脱界面”；玻璃纤维与石英纤维界面结合强度大于酚醛气凝胶极限剪切应力，在断裂过程中酚醛气凝胶先被破坏，表现为“粘性界面”。相较于玻璃纤维、石英纤维，碳纤维对NF/PA增韧、补强效果较优。
- 热防护材料 /
- 纤维针刺预制体 /
- 酚醛气凝胶 /
- 力学性能 /
- 断裂机制
Abstract: Three kinds of needled fiber preforms reinforced phenolic aerogel composites (NF/PA) were prepared using lightweight needled preforms of glass fibers, carbon fibers and quartz fibers as reinforcements, respectively. The resultant fiber-dependent mechanical properties and fracture behavior were studied systematically. It is found that the NF/PA has a low density of ~0.45 g/cm³ and good insulation with room-temperature thermal conductivity as low as 0.046-0.067 W/(m·K). The phenolic aerogel has typical 3D porous structure with the overlapped and interconnected phenolic aerogel nanoparticles filling in fiber preforms, which has excellent interface structure with fiber. The NF/PA have obvious plastic deformation in the process of tension and compression. Furthermore, this work analyze the energy absorption of NF/PA during the crack propagate, and conclude that the type of fiber significantly affects the interface characteristics and thereby the fracture and failure mechanisms of composites. The interfacial bonding strength of carbon fiber is less than the ultimate shear stress of phenolic aerogel, and thereafter fibers are initially deboned with phenolic nanoparticles during the fracture process, responding to a “slip interface” feature. On the other hand, the bonding strengths of glass fiber and quartz fiber are both greater than the limit of shear stress of phenolic aerogel. Therefore, the phenolic aerogel is destroyed initially during the fracture process, which manifests as a “sticky interface” feature. Compared with glass fiber and quartz fiber, the carbon fiber shows more toughening and reinforcing effect on NF/PA.
- thermal protection material /
- needled fiber preforms /
- phenolic aerogel /
- mechanical properties /
- fracture mechanisms

HTML全文

图 1 纤维针刺预制体(NF) (a) 与纤维针刺预制体增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料(NF/PA) (b) 的结构示意图；玻璃纤维针刺预制体增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料(NGF/PA) (c)、石英纤维针刺预制体增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料(NQF/PA) (d)、碳纤维针刺预制体增强酚醛气凝胶复合材料(NCF/PA) (e) 的图像；NCF/PA的金相显微组织图像 (f)

Figure 1. Sketch of needled fiber preform (NF) (a) and NF reinforced phenolic aerogel composite (NF/PA) (b); Photographs of needled glass fiber preforms reinforced phenolic aerogel composites (NGF/PA) (c), needled quartz fiber preforms reinforced phenolic aerogel composites (NQF/PA) (d), and needled carbon fiber preforms reinforced phenolic aerogel composites (NCF/PA) (e); Metallographic image of NCF/PA (f)

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图 2 NCF/PA (a)、NQF/PA (b)、NGF/PA (c) 复合材料的SEM图像

Figure 2. SEM images of NCF/PA (a), NQF/PA (b) and NGF/PA (c)

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图 3 NF/PA拉伸应力-应变曲线 (a) 及NCF/PA 弹性阶段 (b)、塑性阶段 ((c), (d)) 金相显微组织图像

Figure 3. Tensile stress-strain curves of NF/PA (a), metallographic of NCF/PA at elastic stage (b) and plastic stage ((c), (d))

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图 4 NCF/PA (a)、NQF/PA (b)、NGF/PA (c)失效断裂分析图(从左至右依次为复合材料断裂处、复合材料断面、断面纤维SEM图像)

Figure 4. Failure fracture analysis diagram of NCF/PA (a), NQF/PA (b) and NGF/PA (c) (From left to right are fracture of composite, cross section of the composite and SEM images of fiber)

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图 5 NF/PA的“滑脱”界面(a)和“粘性”界面(b)形成机制

Figure 5. Formation mechanism of "slippage" interface (a) and "stickiness" interface (b) of NF/PA

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图 6 (a) NF/PA压缩应力-应变曲线 (插图为NF/PA弹性段应力-应变曲线)； ((b), (c)) 塑性段金相显微组织图像；((d), (e)) 初始阶段以及压实阶段酚醛气凝胶SEM图像

Figure 6. (a) Compressive stress-strain curves of NF/PA (Illustration is elastic segments stress-strain curves of NF/PA); ((b), (c)) Metallographic microstructure of the plastic section; ((d), (e)) SEM images of phenolic aerogel at initial and compaction stage

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图 7 NCF/PA (a)、NQF/PA (b)、NGF/PA (c) 的压缩破坏试样俯视图

Figure 7. Top views of compression failure specimens of NCF/PA (a), NQF/PA (b) and NGF/PA (c)

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图 8 NCF/PA (a)、NQF/PA (b)、NGF/PA (c) 的压缩破坏分析图(从左至右依次为压缩试样、压缩破坏试样、试样裂纹处SEM图像)

Figure 8. Compression failure analysis diagrams of NCF/PA (a), NQF/PA (b) and NGF/PA (c) (From left to right: Compressed sample, sample cracks, SEM images of compression failure samples)

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表 1 NF/PA的物理性能参数

Table 1. Physical parameters of NF/PA

Composites	Density/ (g·cm⁻³)	Thermal conductivity/ (W·(m·K)⁻¹)	Tensile strength/ MPa	Tensile modulus/ MPa	Compressive strength/MPa	Compressive modulus/MPa
NCF/PA	0.45	0.067	16.6	2939	362	86
NQF/PA	0.45	0.046	13.5	1103	203	56
NGF/PA	0.45	0.045	8.8	1163	117	50

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表 2 NF/PA的压缩性能

Table 2. Compression performance of NF/PA

Composite	Compressive strength (5%)/MPa	Compressive strength (10%)/MPa	Compressive strength (Elasticity)/MPa	Compressive strength (Plasticity)/MPa	Compressive strength (Densification)/MPa
NCF/PA	2.57	3.21	1.03	4.35	362
NQF/PA	2.20	2.80	1.09	3.71	203
NGF/PA	2.19	2.91	1.20	3.96	117

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