Abstract: In the context of ongoing global warming and continuously increasing energy demand, radiative cooling materials with excellent optical properties can achieve passive cooling and thus hold great potential in thermal management and energy conservation and carbon reduction. Among them, radiative cooling polymer materials are widely used in the development of radiative cooling textiles because vibrations of characteristic functional groups in their molecular structures produce characteristic absorption and emission bands in the infrared region, and their good processability. This review systematically summarizes the research progress of radiative cooling polymer materials and their applications in textiles. First, the cooling mechanism of radiative cooling polymer materials in textiles is introduced, and petroleum based and bio based radiative cooling polymer systems are summarized. On this basis, focusing on two typical structural design strategies, namely fibers and coatings, the mechanisms by which different structures regulate solar reflectance and infrared emissivity, as well as their fabrication processes, are analyzed, and the application progress of these textiles in personal thermal management, building energy conservation, outdoor shading, and other fields is reviewed. Finally, the challenges and future research directions are analyzed and prospectively discussed, providing theoretical references for the development and application of advanced radiative cooling textiles.