Abstract: Compared with traditional cement-based materials, fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (FRCCs) have received extensive attention and found widespread engineering applications due to their excellent toughness, strength, and durability. However, the weak interfacial bonding between fibers and the cement matrix often prevents the fibers from fully exerting their reinforcing effects, thereby limiting the further improvement of material performance. Silane coupling agent (SCA) serves as an effective surface treatment agent, providing a promising solution to this problem. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews the mechanical properties, durability, and microstructural characteristics of SCA-modified fiber-reinforced cement-based composites (SFRCCs) and clarifies the mechanisms underlying SCA modification of fibers. The results show that when the silane concentration ranges from 0.5% to 2% and the fiber content ranges from 0.1% to 2%, the mechanical properties of SFRCCs are significantly improved. Microstructural analysis reveals that SCA modification effectively improves the surface morphology of fibers, optimizes the interfacial transition zone, and promotes the formation of a dual reinforcement mechanism involving "mechanical interlocking" and "bridging effect" between fibers and the cement matrix. Moreover, the enhanced interfacial effect can effectively prevent external erosion, thereby extending the service life of the material in harsh environments. The study further indicates that the type and concentration of SCA are key factors affecting fiber modification, and the incorporation of nanomaterials can produce a more stable and effective synergistic reinforcement effect. Finally, this paper discusses the current limitations in the design methods of SFRCCs, the lack of research on durability in complex environments, and the insufficient understanding of the interface strengthening mechanism, thereby providing a solid theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing the performance of SFRCCs through SCA modification.