Abstract: To reduce environmental problems caused by excessive consumption of traditional energy, a composite adaptive bidirectional thermal management technology combining radiative cooling and solar thermal insulation (SH-RC) is proposed. It adapts to changes in the external environment’s temperature to achieve self-regulating thermal management, reducing discomfort from overheating or overcooling. SH-RC mainly combines methods such as chemical crosslinking, electrospinning, stacking hot pressing, and freeze-drying to research adaptive bidirectional thermal management at this level. Furthermore, it introduces typical applications of bidirectional thermal management materials in wearable personal temperature control and building material thermal management. Based on this, the future development direction of temperature-controlling fabrics and clothing is discussed, as well as their role in emerging fields like aerospace and automotive design. The key role of material structure and configuration optimisation in the performance of radiative cooling and solar thermal insulation is summarised, and the advantages and future challenges of SH-RC adaptive bidirectional thermal management technology in practical applications are proposed.