Effect law and mechanism of ceramic tile powder on compressive strength of ultra high performance concrete
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摘要: 超高性能混凝土极低的水胶比和较高的水泥用量，使其在广泛应用中面临着水泥基体高自收缩和高成本等问题，而使用工业副产品或废弃物取代部分水泥是有效的解决方法之一。废品瓷砖已成为一种大宗工业废弃物，应用瓷砖粉在超高性能混凝土中可有效地解决水泥的高消耗和废弃瓷砖的堆积问题。因此，使用瓷砖粉取代水泥质量的10wt%、15wt%、20wt%和25wt%来制备新型绿色低碳超高性能混凝土，主要研究了瓷砖粉对超高性能混凝土抗压强度的影响规律，并采用修正Andreasen堆积模型、XRD分析、TG/DTG、SEM观察探讨了瓷砖粉对超高性能混凝土的改性机制，同时对瓷砖粉超高性能混凝土的环境足迹和成本进行了分析。研究结果表明，瓷砖粉的掺入对超高性能混凝土各龄期抗压影响在±10%以内，但对7~28天和28~60天的抗压强度发展影响显著，在25wt%掺量时抗压强度增长率分别达到了104.6%和51.8%。这主要是由于瓷砖粉的掺入提高了超高性能混凝土的堆积密实度，发生二次水化反应并生成了低钙硅比的水化硅酸钙凝胶，提高了水泥的水化程度，降低了界面过渡区的宽度。并且由环境影响和成本计算可知，瓷砖粉可有效降低超高性能混凝土的能耗、CO2排放量和成本。Abstract: Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is faced with the problems of high cost and high self-shrinkage of cement matrix due to its extremely low water-binder ratio and high cement content in its wide application. One of the effective solutions is to replace part of cement with industrial by-products or wastes. As the waste ceramic tile has become a large amount of industrial waste, the application of ceramic tile powder in UHPC can effectively solve the problems of high consumption of cement and accumulation of waste ceramic tile. Therefore, ceramic tile powder was used to replace 10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt% and 25wt% by mass of cement to prepare a new type of green low-carbon UHPC. The effect law of ceramic tile powder on the compressive strength of UHPC was studied, and the modified Andreasen accumulation model, XRD analyses, TG/DTG, SEM observation were used to investigate the modification mechanisms, and the environmental footprint and the cost of ceramic tile powder on UHPC were also analyzed. The results show that the effect of the addition of ceramic tile powder on the compressive strength of UHPC is within ±10% at all age. Interestingly, ceramic tile powder has a significant influence on the development of compressive strength at 7-28 days and 28-60 days, and the increase rates of compressive strength of UHPC with 25wt% ceramic tile powder can reach 104.6% and 51.8%, respectively. This is mainly because that the addition of ceramic tile powder improves the packing compactness of UHPC, produces secondary hydration reaction and calcium silicate hydrate gel with low calcium-silicon ratio, improves the hydration degree of cement, and reduces the width of interface transition zone. According to environmental impact and cost calculation, ceramic tile powder can effectively reduce energy consumption, CO2 emission and cost of UHPC.
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图 6 不同瓷砖粉掺量UHPC 3天、7天、28天和60天的抗压强度 (a) 和增长率 (b)
Figure 6. Compressive strength (a) and increase rate (b) of UHPC with different contents of CTP at 3 days, 7 days, 28 days and 60 days
图 7 不同瓷砖粉掺量UHPC 0~3天、3~7天、7~28天和28~60天抗压强度的增长值 (a) 和增长率 (b)
Figure 7. Increase value (a) and increase rate (b) of compressive strength of UHPC with different contents of CTP from 0-3 days, 3-7 days, 7-28 days and 28-60 days
图 8 不同CTP掺量UHPC修正Andreasen堆积模型
Figure 8. Modified Andreasen stacking model diagram of UHPC with different contents of CTP
图 9 不同CTP掺量 UHPC的残差平方和SRSS
Figure 9. Residual sum of squares SRSS of UHPC with different contents of CTP
图 11 不同CTP掺量 UHPC 7天的TG (a) 和DTG (b) 曲线
Figure 11. TG (a) and DTG (b) curves for UHPC with different contents of CTP at 7 days
图 13 不同CTP掺量UHPC的Ca(OH)2含量NCH
Figure 13. Ca(OH)2 content NCH of UHPC with different contents of CTP
图 12 不同CTP掺量UHPC 28天的TG (a)和DTG (b)曲线
Figure 12. TG (a) and DTG (b) curves for UHPC with different contents of CTP at 28 days
图 14 不同CTP掺量 UHPC的水化程度 βt
Figure 14. Hydration degrees βt of UHPC with different contents of CTP
图 15 不同CTP掺量UHPC界面过渡区(ITZ) SEM图像：(a) 0wt%CTP；(b) 10wt%CTP；(c) 25wt%CTP
Figure 15. SEM images of interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of UHPC with different contents of CTP: (a) 0wt%CTP; (b) 10wt%CTP; (c) 25wt%CTP
图 16 不同CTP掺量UHPC的ITZ宽度
Figure 16. Thickness of ITZ of UHPC with different contents of CTP
图 17 不同CTP掺量UHPC 7天的EDS图像：(a) 0wt%CTP；(b) 10wt%CTP；(c) 25wt%CTP
Figure 17. EDS images of UHPC at 7 days with different contents of CTP: (a) 0wt%CTP; (b) 10wt%CTP; (c) 25wt%CTP
图 18 不同CTP掺量UHPC 28天的EDS图像：(a) 0wt%CTP；(b) 10wt%CTP；(c) 25wt%CTP
Figure 18. EDS images of UHPC at 28 days with different contents of CTP: (a) 0wt%CTP; (b) 10wt%CTP; (c) 25wt%CTP
图 19 不同CTP掺量UHPC的钙硅比(a)和降低率(b)
Figure 19. Ca/Si (a) and decrease rate (b) for UHPC with different contents of CTP
表 1 水泥、瓷砖粉(CTP)和硅灰的化学组成
Table 1. Chemical compositions of cement, ceramic tile powder (CTP) and silica fume
Chemical composition Cement/wt% CTP/wt% Silica fume/wt% SiO2 22.35 78.3 95.7 Al2O3 6.30 15.9 − CaO 55.73 0.9 − Fe2O3 4.91 − − Na2O 0.07 1.9 0.11 K2O 0.68 2.1 0.45 MgO 2.84 0.8 − SO3 2.47 − − R2O − − 0.39 Cl− − − 0.02 LOI 1.15 − 2.95 Note: LOI—Limit oxygen index. 
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表 2 不同CTP掺量超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的配合比
Table 2. Mix proportions of ultra high performance concretes (UHPC) with different contents of CTP
(kg·m−3) Specimen code Binder Water Sand Steel fiber SP Cement Silica fume CTP UHPC(0wt%CTP) 1026.0 114.0 0.0 205.2 1140.0 156.0 17.1 UHPC(10wt%CTP) 912.0 114.0 114.0 205.2 1140.0 156.0 17.1 UHPC(15wt%CTP) 855.0 114.0 171.0 205.2 1140.0 156.0 17.1 UHPC(20wt%CTP) 798.0 114.0 228.0 205.2 1140.0 156.0 17.1 UHCP(25wt%CTP) 741.0 114.0 285.0 205.2 1140.0 156.0 17.1 Note: SP—Superplasticizer.
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表 3 材料能耗、CO2排放量和成本
Table 3. Energy intensity, CO2 emission, and cost of materials
Material Energy intensity/
(MJ·kg−1)CO2 emission/
kgCost/
(RMB·ton−1)Cement 5.5 0.930 680 Silica fume 0.1 0.008 2500 CTP 1.4 0.370 360
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表 4 不同CTP掺量UHPC的材料可持续性指标(MSIs)和成本比较
Table 4. Material sustainability indicators (MSIs) and cost comparison of UHPC with different contents of CTP
Material Energy intensity/
(MJ·kg−1)Decrease of energy intensity/% CO2 emission/kg Decrease of
CO2 emission/%Cost/
(RMB·ton−1)Decrease of cost/% 90wt%Cement+10wt%Silica fume 5.0 0.0 0.84 0.0 862 0.0 80wt%Cement+10wt%Silica fume+10wt%CTP 4.6 8.0 0.78 7.1 830 3.7 75wt%Cement+10wt% Silica fume+15wt%CTP 4.3 14.0 0.75 10.7 814 5.6 70wt%Cement+10wt%Silica fume+20wt%CTP 4.1 18.0 0.73 13.1 798 7.4 65wt%Cement+10wt%Silica fume+25wt%CTP 3.9 22.0 0.70 16.7 782 9.3
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