Abstract: With the growing severity of petroleum-based plastic pollution, the development of renewable and biodegradable biomass-based alternative materials has become emerged as a critical pathway toward fulfilling the "carbon peaking and carbon neutrality" goals. Bamboo, known for its abundant resources, short growth cycle, and excellent mechanical properties, holds considerable promise as a substitute for conventional plastics. This review focuses on two categories of bamboo-based substitutes for plastics—pure bamboo materials (encompassing nearly pure bamboo-based materials) and bamboo-plastic composites—and systematically summarizes recent research progress in processing techniques, structural regulation, and interfacial modification. For pure bamboo materials, emphasis is placed on technological pathways for performance enhancement through traditional processing and structural reconstruction strategies. For bamboo-plastic composites, the primary methods for improving interfacial compatibility and thermal processing adaptability are examined, including alkali treatment, coupling agent modification, and compatibilizer addition. Furthermore, in conjunction with life cycle assessment, the sustainable end-of-life pathways for both types of materials are analyzed. Future research should prioritize the development of low-cost, large-scale preparation technologies, the design of high-performance and long-life products, and the establishment of a full life-cycle green closed-loop system to facilitate the transition of bamboo-based materials from the laboratory to industrial application.