Abstract: Infrared-transparent flexible membranes combining high transmittance in the mid-infrared region with excellent flexibility have shown significant application potential in civilian optoelectronic sensing devices as well as in military infrared stealth and thermal imaging detection, and have emerged as a frontier research direction in the field of functional thin-film materials in recent years. Electrospinning technology, featuring a broad range of spinnable materials, controllable fiber diameter, and ease of achieving nanoscale dimensions, provides an ideal platform for fabricating high-performance infrared-transparent micro/nanofiber membranes. This review focuses on the latest research progress in electrospun infrared-transparent micro/nanofiber membranes. First, the design principles of infrared transparency are elaborated from two aspects: molecular spectroscopic behavior and interfacial/microstructural scattering. On this basis, two major regulation strategies for infrared transparency performance are summarized, namely polymer molecular design and optimization, and interfacial/microstructural engineering of the fiber membranes. Furthermore, recent application achievements of electrospun infrared-transparent fiber membranes in personal thermal management textiles, infrared stealth camouflage, and air pollution protection are introduced. Finally, the current challenges in material performance optimization and practical preparation and application are analyzed, and future development directions are prospected, aiming to provide a reference for advancing the research, development, and application of advanced electrospun infrared-transparent micro/nanofiber membranes.