Research progress of adrenaline electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials
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摘要: 肾上腺素(AD)作为一种神经递质在人体内扮演重要角色，其含量的高低直接影响人体身体健康，因此对AD进行快速检测具有重要的实际意义。其检测方法中电化学方法具有灵敏度高、检测速度快、操作简便的优点，因而构建性能优异的肾上腺素电化学传感器成为研究热点。为提高传感器的电化学性能，碳纳米材料被采纳作为修饰传感器的新型材料而广泛应用，取得了检测限低、灵敏度高并有希望应用于临床检测的巨大进步。本文从碳点、石墨烯、碳纳米颗粒等碳纳米材料出发，分析AD在电极表面的电氧化还原机制，对近年来基于碳纳米材料的肾上腺素电化学传感器制备方法及检测结果进行分类统计，并对今后的检测提出展望，以期获得更有效的肾上腺素电化学传感器。Abstract: Adrenaline (AD), as a neurotransmitter, plays an important role in the human body, and its level directly affects the health of the human body, so the rapid detection of AD is of great practical significance. Among the detection methods, electrochemical methods have the advantages of high sensitivity, fast detection speed, and simple operation, so the construction of electrochemical sensors for adrenaline with excellent performance has become a research hotspot. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of sensors, carbon nanomaterials have been widely adopted as novel materials to modify sensors, and have achieved great progress in low detection limit, high sensitivity and promising clinical application. Starting from carbon nanomaterials such as carbon dots, graphene, and carbon nanoparticles, the electroredox mechanism of AD on the electrode surface was analyzed. Prospects are presented for future detection in order to obtain more efficient electrochemical sensors for adrenaline.
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Key words:
- adrenaline /
- carbon nanomaterials /
- electrochemical sensors /
- electroredox mechanism /
- microelectrode /
- conductivity
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图 2 肾上腺素在电极表面的电氧化还原机制
Figure 2. Electroredox mechanism of adrenaline on electrode surface
图 3 石墨烯(GR)、氧化石墨烯(GO)、还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)的平面结构图
Figure 3. Planar structures of graphene (GR), graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO)
表 1 基于碳纳米材料的电化学传感器检测肾上腺素的性能比较
Table 1. Performance comparison of electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterials for the detection of adrenaline
Carbon nanocomposites Detection discharge
methodLinearity
range/(mol·L−1)Limit of
detection/(mol·L−1)Practical
sampleRef. GCE/CQDs DPV 5×10−5−2×10−4 6.1×10−6 Human urine [31] GQD-CS/CPE SWV 3.6×10−7−3.8×10−4 0.3×10−6 Blood serum [32] CQDs/CPE CA 0.2×10−7−2.0×10−5 0.6×10−8 — [33] GCE/GQDs/Lac CV 1.0×10−6−1.2×10−4 8.3×10−8 AD injection [34] MIP/g-C3N4/NCQDs/GCE DPV 0.1×10−8−1.0×10−6 0.3×10−9 Human urine [35] GNRs/GCE DPV 6.4×10−6−1.0×10−4 2.1×10−6 Medicine [38] GR/BDD LSV 1×10−6−1×10−5 1.44×10−6 — [39] GR/Au/GCE CV 5×10−5−8×10−4 7.0×10−6 — [40] PBCB/GR/GCE CV 1×10−6−1×10−3 0.24×10−6 — [41] GR/CHIT/Bi2O3/GCE DPV 0.1×10−6−0.5×10−6 3.56×10−9 — [42] GO/GC DPV 1×10−6−1×10−4 (0.50±0.01)×10−6 — [50] GO/CPE DPV 0.1×10−6−2.0×10−3 0.05×10−6 — [51] EDDPT/GO/CPE DPV 1.5×10−6−6.0×10−4 0.65×10−6 Drug sample [52] MGO/AuNPs/CPE DPV 0.1×10−7−0.5×10−6 0.5×10−8 Human urine/blood [53] RGO/GCE DPV 1.5×10−8−4.0×10−5 0.3×10−8 Human urine [56] RGO/TiO2/GCE DPV 5×10−6−1×10−3 1.4×10−6 Medicine [57] NiO-RGO/GCE CV 5×10−5−1×10−3 1.01×10−4 Human biology fluid [82] RGO/Pd/GCE DPV 1×10−6−1×10−5 0.3×10−7 — [83] MXene/N-rGO DPV 0.1×10−7−9.0×10−5 0.3×10−8 Human urine [60] DH–CN/CPE DPV 5×10−6−6×10−4 1.0×10−6 — [64] Nafion-OMC/GC It 0.1×10−6−1.2×10−3 3.5×10−8 — [74] OMC-NiO/GCE CV, DPV 0.8×10−6−5.0×10−5 8.5×10−8 Human serum/AD injection [75] MWCNT/CFE CV 1×10−6−2×10−4 3.4×10−6 — [78] DOPA-MWCNT-GCE DPV 2.0×10−6−4.6×10−5 6.2×10−7 — [79] MgO-MWCNTs-MCPE CV 1×10−5−8×10−5 8.3×10−7 — [80] IL/CNTPE DPV 1.0×10−6−3.5×10−4 1.0×10−6 Serum/tablet/urine [82] MIP/PIL-MWNTs/ITO CV 0-0.2×10−6 0.6×10−9 — [83] POXMCNTPE DPV 1.0×10−5−1.1×10−4 3.1×10−8 Ampoule [84] pyrolytic-CNT DPV 1.6×10−7−8.0×10−5 6.5×10−7 — [85] Notes: GCE—Glassy carbon electrode; CQDs—carbon quantum dots; GQD—Graphene quantum dot; CPE—Carbon paper microelectrode; Lac—Laccase; GNR—Graphene nanoribbon; BDD—Boron-doped diamond; PBCB—Poly-cresol blue; MGO—Molecularly imprinted polymer-graphene oxide; DH—Hydroquinone derivatives; MWCNT—Multiwalled carbon nanotube; CFE—Carbon fiber microelectrode; DOPA—Levodopa; IL—Ionic liquid; MCPE—Carbon paste electrode; CNTPE—Carbon nanotube paste electrode; ITO—Indium tin oxide; MIP—Molecularly imprinted polymer; PIL—Polymeric ionic liquid; POXMCNTPE—Polyoxalic acid modified carbon nanotube paste electrode; CV—Cyclic voltammetry; DPV—Differential pulse voltammetry; LSV—Linear sweep voltammetry. 
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