Abstract: 4D printing combines 3D printing with smart materials, enabling changes in shape, structure, or properties in response to various external stimuli. Cellulose, a naturally occurring, widely available, renewable, and biodegradable polymer, possesses excellent structural properties (such as hydrophilicity and biocompatibility) that make it an ideal choice for constructing smart materials. This paper introduces the concept of 4D printing, the response mechanisms to various external stimuli, the classification of cellulose-based smart materials, and the design of different biomimetic structures. It focuses on breakthroughs achieved through 4D printing inspired by various biomimetic structures. Finally, the paper summarizes the future prospects and existing challenges of biomimetic structures in cellulose-based 4D printing.