Abstract: Polyether sulfone (PES) resin possesses excellent heat resistance, mechanical properties, and high-temperature stability, making it suitable for the production of high-performance thermoplastic resin-based carbon fiber composite materials. However, due to the poor interfacial adhesion between PES resin and commercial grade carbon fibers, PES resin based carbon fiber composites exhibit poor interfacial properties. In previous studies, it discovered that thermosetting cyanate ester (CE) resin had advantages such as good melt flowability, a curing temperature close to that of PES resin, and some compatibility with PES resin. In this paper, CE resin is utilized as an interface transition layer for PES resin-based carbon fiber composite materials, leveraging the transition layer resin's excellent bonding capability with the carbon fiber surface sizing agents and its strong mechanical interlocking with PES resin, the impact of the thermosetting resin transition layer on the interface performance of thermoplastic resin-based composite materials is investigated. The results demonstrate that introducing a CE resin transition layer can enhance the interfacial bonding performance of PES-based carbon fiber composite materials. Compared to carbon fiber (CF)/PES composite materials, the CF/(10%CE-PES)-L composite material with a 10wt%CE resin transition layer exhibits an 18.7% increase in flexural strength, a 24.2% increase in interlaminar shear strength, additionally, the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the CF/(5%CE-PES)-L composite material increased from 166℃ to 179℃. The method of preparing thermoplastic resin-based carbon fiber composites by adding an interlayer between the thermoplastic resin matrix and commercial carbon fibers has addressed the issue of poor interface performance in thermoplastic resin-based carbon fiber composites. This investigation important research insights and a theoretical basis for its engineering applications.