Interfacial mechanical behavior of wood fiber/high density polyethylene composites based on digital image correlation
-
摘要: 以木纤维/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料界面应变为研究对象，采用数字图像相关技术(DIC)探究WF(质量分数为10wt%~40wt%)及改性聚磷酸铵(mAPP)阻燃剂(质量分数为10wt%~25wt%)对WF/HDPE复合材料应变分布及传递的演变规律，并结合力学性能测试和SEM对其拉伸性能、冲击性能、界面结合进行分析。结果表明：随着WF添加量从10wt%增至30wt%，WF/HDPE复合材料应变传递较为平稳，由受力两端向复合材料轴中心均匀传递，当WF添加量为30wt%时，高应变在复合材料上约1/2区域得到了有效传递，此时，复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度分别达21.5 MPa和10.22 kJ/m2。但当WF添加量增加至40wt%时，WF/HDPE复合材料的拉伸承载端部出现应力集中，阻碍了其内部应变的均匀传递。mAPP阻燃剂加剧了WF与HDPE界面间的脱粘行为，削弱了WF与HDPE之间的机械啮合作用力。当mAPP阻燃剂添加量从10wt%增加至25wt%时，WF/HDPE复合材料开始出现多个分散的高应变区域，全场应变传递出现不规则分布。当mAPP阻燃剂添加量达25wt%时，WF/HDPE复合材料应变分布呈两极化趋势，导致复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度分别降低为15.5 MPa和5.49 kJ/m2。Abstract: The interfacial strain of wood fiber/high density polyethylene(WF/HDPE) composites was studied. Digital image correlation(DIC) was used to investigate the effects of WF mass fraction (10wt%–40wt%) and modified ammonium polyphosphate(mAPP) flame retardant mass fraction (10wt%–25wt%) on the strain distribution and transmission evolution of WF/HDPE composites. The mechanical properties and interfacial bonding of WF/HDPE composites were analyzed by mechanical tests and SEM, respectively. With WF mass fraction rising from 10wt% to 30wt%, the strain transfers stably and uniformly from both ends to the axial center of the WF/HDPE composite. When the WF amount reaches 30wt%, the high strain transfers within 1/2 region of WF/HDPE composite and its tensile strength and impact strength are 21.5 MPa and 10.22 kJ/m2, respectively. However, when WF mass fraction is 40wt%, the stress concentration occurs at tensile bearing end of the WF/HDPE composite, and prevents uniform transmission of strain in WF/HDPE composites. mAPP exacerbates debonding and impedes mechanical meshing between WF and HDPE. As WF mass fraction increases from 10wt% to 25wt%, several scattered high strain regions appear and the full-field strain transfers irregularly. When the WF mass fraction reaches 25wt%, the strain distribution of WF/HDPE composite becomes polarized, resulting in a decrease of the tensile strength and impact strength to 15.5 MPa and 5.49 kJ/m2, respectively.
-
图 1 木纤维/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料的制备和表征示意图
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of preparation and characterization of WF/HDPE composites ((a)Compression molding; (b)Digital image correlation(DIC) technique)
图 2 改性聚磷酸铵(mAPP)阻燃剂的TEM图像
Figure 2. TEM image of modified ammonium polyphosphate(mAPP) flame retardant
图 3 mAPP添加量对WF/HDPE复合材料极限氧指数(LOI)的影响
Figure 3. Effect of mAPP mass fraction on limited oxygen index(LOI) of WF/HDPE composites
图 4 WF/HDPE和mAPP-WF/HDPE复合材料拉伸断面的SEM图像
Figure 4. SEM images of fractured surfaces of WF/HDPE and mAPP-WF/HDPE composites
图 5 WF添加量对WF/HDPE复合材料力学性能的影响
Figure 5. Effect of WF mass fraction on mechanical properties of WF/HDPE composites
图 6 mAPP添加量对mAPP-WF/HDPE复合材料力学性能的影响
Figure 6. Effect of mAPP mass fraction on mechanical properties of mAPP-WF/HDPE composites
图 7 WF添加量对WF/HDPE复合材料轴向应变传递的影响
Figure 7. Axial strain transferring of WF/HDPE composites with different mass fractions of WF
图 8 mAPP添加量对mAPP-30WF/HDPE复合材料轴向应变传递的影响
Figure 8. Axial strain transferring of mAPP-30WF/HDPE composites with different mass fractions of mAPP
表 1 木纤维/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料组分配比
Table 1. Mass fractions of components of wood fiber/high density polyethylene(WF/HDPE) composites
Sample Mass fraction of HDPE/wt% Mass fraction of wood fiber/wt% Mass fraction of mAPP/wt% 10WF/HDPE 90 10 − 20WF/HDPE 80 20 − 30WF/HDPE 70 30 − 40WF/HDPE 60 40 − 10mAPP-30WF/HDPE 60 30 10 15mAPP-30WF/HDPE 55 30 15 20mAPP-30WF/HDPE 50 30 20 25mAPP-30WF/HDPE 45 30 25 Note: mAPP—Modified ammonium polyphosphate. 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] KUMAR V, TYAGI L, SINHA S. Wood flour-reinforced plastic composites: A review[J]. Reviews in Chemical Engineering,2011,27(5-6):253-264. [2] CLEMONS C. Wood-plastic composites in the United States: The interfacing of two industries[J]. Forest Products Journal,2002,52(6):10-18. [3] MATUANA L M, STARK N M. The use of wood fibers as reinforcements in composites[M]//FARUK O, SAIN M. Biofiber reinforcements in composite materials. Woodhead Publishing, 2015: 648-688. [4] 朱凌波, 李新功, 杨凯, 等. 几种不同改性剂对稻草/丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯复合材料性能的影响[J]. 复合材料学报, 2018, 35(7):1791-1799.ZHU Lingbo, LI Xingong, YANG Kai, et al. Performance enhancement of straw/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composites modified by several different kinds of modifiers[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2018,35(7):1791-1799(in Chinese). [5] CHOTIRAT L, CHAOCHANCHAIKUL K, SOMBATSOMPOP N. On adhesion mechanisms and interfacial strength in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/wood sawdust composites[J]. International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives,2007,27(8):669-678. doi: 10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2007.02.001 [6] 张庆法, 杨科研, 蔡红珍, 等. 稻壳/高密度聚乙烯复合材料与稻壳炭/高密度聚乙烯复合材料性能对比[J]. 复合材料学报, 2018, 35(11):3044-3050.ZHANG Qingfa, YANG Keyan, CAI Hongzhen, et al. Comparison of properties between rice husk/high density polyethylene and rice husk biochar/high density polyethylene composites[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2018,35(11):3044-3050(in Chinese). [7] BENGTSSON M, OKSMAN K. Silane crosslinked wood plastic composites: Processing and properties[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2006,66(13):2177-2186. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.12.009 [8] XIE Y, XIAO Z, GRÜNEBERG T, et al. Effects of chemical modification of wood particles with glutaraldehyde and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea on properties of the resulting polypropylene composites[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2010,70(13):2003-2011. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.07.024 [9] 王清文, 易欣, 沈静. 木塑复合材料在家具制造领域的发展机遇[J]. 林业工程学报, 2016, 1(3):1-8.WANG Qingwen, YI Xin, SHEN Jing. Tailoring wood-plastic composites for furniture production: Possibilities and opportunities[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering,2016,1(3):1-8(in Chinese). [10] JIANG S, YANG Y, GE S, et al. Preparation and properties of novel flame-retardant PBS wood-plastic composites[J]. Arabian Journal of Chemistry,2018,11(6):844-857. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.12.023 [11] KIM N K, DUTTA S, BHATTACHARYYA D. A review of flammability of natural fibre reinforced polymeric composites[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2018,162:64-78. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.04.016 [12] 杨鑫, 李学敏, 王奉强, 等. 木质素-木粉/高密度聚乙烯复合材料的制备及阻燃性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2020, 37(3):530-538.YANG Xin, LI Xuemin, WANG Fengqiang, et al. Preparation and flame retardancy of lignin-wood fiber/high density polyethylene composites[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica,2020,37(3):530-538(in Chinese). [13] 徐兵, 梅长彤, 潘明珠, 等. 核壳结构木塑复合材料抗紫外老化性能试验[J]. 林业工程学报, 2017, 2(2):33-38.XU Bing, MEI Changtong, PAN Mingzhu, et al. Ultraviolet weathering of HDPE/wood-flour composites with core-shell structure[J]. Journal of Forestry Engineering,2017,2(2):33-38(in Chinese). [14] GRIFFITH A A. The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A,1921,221(582-593):163-198. [15] 杨守禄, 姬宁, 黄安香, 等. 木塑复合材料界面调控及其表征技术研究进展[J]. 化工新型材料, 2018, 46(11):25-30.YANG Shoulu, JI Ning, HUANG Anxiang, et al. Literature overview on interface control and characterization technique of wood-plastic composite[J]. New Chemical Materials,2018,46(11):25-30(in Chinese). [16] YAMAGUCHI I. A laser-speckle strain gauge[J]. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments,1981,14(11):1270-1273. doi: 10.1088/0022-3735/14/11/012 [17] BARILE C, CASAVOLA C, PAPPALETTERA G, et al. Characterization of adhesive bonded CFRP laminates using full-field digital image stereo-correlation and finite element analysis[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2019,169:16-25. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.10.032 [18] CATALANOTTI G, CAMANHO P P, XAVIER J, et al. Measurement of resistance curves in the longitudinal failure of composites using digital image correlation[J]. Composites Science and Technology,2010,70(13):1986-1993. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.07.022 [19] JIANG J W, NI F J. Evaluation of fatigue property of asphalt mixtures based on digital image correlation method[J]. Journal of Southeast University (English Edition),2017,33(2):216-223. [20] 时金娜, 赵燕茹, 郝松, 等. 基于DIC技术的高温后混凝土变形性能[J]. 建筑材料学报, 2019, 22(4):584-591.SHI Jinna, ZHAO Yanru, HAO Song, et al. Deformation behavior of concrete under uniaxial compression after high temperature by DIC technology[J]. Journal of Building Materials,2019,22(4):584-591(in Chinese). [21] MCGINNIS M J, PESSIKI S, TURKER H. Application of three-dimensional digital image correlation to the core-drilling method[J]. Experimental Mechanics,2005,45(4):359. doi: 10.1007/BF02428166 [22] 李婧宇, 朱飞鹏, 雷冬. 三维DIC在铸铁拉伸试验中的应变测量精度研究[J]. 力学季刊, 2015, 36(3):434-441.LI Jingyu, ZHU Feipeng, LEI Dong. Study on strain measurement accuracy in tensile test for cast iron using three-dimensional digital image correlation[J]. Chinese Quarterly of Mechanics,2015,36(3):434-441(in Chinese). [23] 姜益军. 散斑检测技术在复合材料测试中的应用研究[D]. 南京: 东南大学, 2006.JIANG Yijun. Speckle metrology for testing of composite material[D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2006(in Chinese). [24] SRETENOVIC A, MÜLLER U, GINDL W. Mechanism of stress transfer in a single wood fibre-LDPE composite by means of electronic laser speckle interferometry[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing,2006,37(9):1406-1412. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.06.018 [25] SCHWARZKOPF M, MUSZYNSKI L. Strain distribution and load transfer in the polymer-wood particle bond in wood plastic composites[J]. Holzforschung,2015,69(1):53-60. doi: 10.1515/hf-2013-0243 [26] SCHWARZKOPF M, MUSZYŃSKI L, HAMMERQUIST C C, et al. Micromechanics of the internal bond in wood plastic composites: Integrating measurement and modeling[J]. Wood Science and Technology,2017,51(5):997-1014. doi: 10.1007/s00226-017-0934-5 [27] 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 塑料用氧指数法测定燃烧行为第2部分: 室温试验: GB/T 2406.2—2009[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2010.Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Plastic: Determination of burning by oxygen index Part 2: Ambient-temperature test: GB/T 2406.2—2009[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2010(in Chinese). [28] 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 塑料 拉伸性能的测定 第2部分: 模塑和挤塑塑料的试验条件: GB/T 1040.2—2006[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2007.Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Plastics: Determination of tensile properties Part 2: Test conditions for moulding and extrusion plastics: GB/T 1040.2—2006[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2007(in Chinese). [29] 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 建筑模板用木塑复合板: GB/T 29500—2013[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2013.Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China. Wood-plastic composite boards for concrete-form: GB/T 29500—2013[S]. Beijing: China Standards Press, 2013(in Chinese). [30] 王潇舷, 金祖权, 姜玉丹, 等. 基于DIC与应变测试的混凝土中钢筋锈胀应力分析[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(8):2690-2696.WANG Xiaoxian, JIN Zuquan, JIANG Yudan, et al. Analysis of stress in concrete induced by corrosion of reinforcing bar based on DIC and strain test[J]. Materials Reports,2019,33(8):2690-2696(in Chinese). [31] ZHANG D S, LUO M, AROLA D D. Displacement/strain measurements using an optical microscope and digital image correlation[J]. Optical Engineering,2006,45(3):033605. doi: 10.1117/1.2182108 [32] GUO X, CAO J, PENG Y, et al. Incorporation of microencapsulated dodecanol into wood flour/high-density polyethylene composite as a phase change material for thermal energy storage[J]. Materials and Design,2016,89:1325-1334. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.068 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(8) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 809
- HTML全文浏览量: 314
- PDF下载量: 41
- 被引次数: 0
