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液相夹杂复合软材料的设计、制备与力学性能研究进展

李锡英 王爽 鲁璐 吕鹏宇 易新 段慧玲

李锡英, 王爽, 鲁璐, 等. 液相夹杂复合软材料的设计、制备与力学性能研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2021, 38(1): 1-15. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200909.003
引用本文: 李锡英, 王爽, 鲁璐, 等. 液相夹杂复合软材料的设计、制备与力学性能研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2021, 38(1): 1-15. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200909.003
LI Xiying, WANG Shuang, LU Lu, et al. Design, fabrication and mechanical properties of soft composites with liquid inclusions[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2021, 38(1): 1-15. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200909.003
Citation: LI Xiying, WANG Shuang, LU Lu, et al. Design, fabrication and mechanical properties of soft composites with liquid inclusions[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2021, 38(1): 1-15. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200909.003

液相夹杂复合软材料的设计、制备与力学性能研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200909.003
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(91848201; 11988102; 11521202; 11872004; 11802004);中国科协青年人才托举工程(2017QNRC001)
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    段慧玲,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为弹性力学、非均质材料力学与流固耦合力学等  E-mail:hlduan@pku.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TB381

Design, fabrication and mechanical properties of soft composites with liquid inclusions

  • 摘要: 液相夹杂复合软材料是一类由功能液体或相变材料作为夹杂物的智能材料,由于其具备优异的变形特性和功能可设计性,近年来在柔性电子器件、可穿戴设备、软体机器人等领域得到广泛研究和应用。本文从以下几个方面回顾液相夹杂复合软材料的最新研究进展:首先,重点介绍非相变夹杂和相变夹杂复合软材料的功能设计及制备方法;然后,详细阐述液相夹杂复合软材料等效力学性能研究及尺寸效应;最后,简要探讨液相夹杂复合软材料研究所面临的挑战及值得关注的研究方向。

     

  • 图  1  含离子液体的多层复合软纤维示意图(a)及离子液体柔性传感器及其运动检测功能展示(b)[29]

    Figure  1.  Schematic of a multilayer soft fiber containing ionic liquid (a), demonstration of soft sensors with ionic liquid and motion detection (b)[29]

    图  2  磁流体及其外磁场响应(a)[32]及具有磁响应变形和形状记忆特性的磁流体复合软材料(b)[33]

    Figure  2.  Magnetic fluid and its response to external magnetic field (a)[32], magnetic shape-memory in soft composites with magnetic fluid inclusions (b)[33]

    图  3  液态金属流动性(a)[39]、具有高热导系数的液态金属复合软材料(b)[49]及液态金属复合软材料应用于多层电路(Ⅰ)、柔性传感器(Ⅱ)、按压开关(Ⅲ) (c)[59]

    Figure  3.  Fluidity demonstration of liquid metal (a)[39], liquid metal embedded soft composites with high thermal conductivity (b)[49], applications of soft composites with liquid metal inclusions in multilayer circuit (Ⅰ), flexibility sensor (Ⅱ), push switch (Ⅲ) (c)[59]

    图  4  不同类型复合软材料的断裂示意图(a)及含裂纹液态金属夹杂复合软材料薄膜单向拉伸变形(b)[66]

    Figure  4.  Schematics of different modes of crack propagation in soft composites (a), uniaxial tensile behavior of notched soft composite film with liquid metal inclusions (b)[66]

    图  5  低熔点合金相变复合软材料的微观结构(a)及其在不同温度下的变形(b)[81]

    Figure  5.  Microstructure of soft composites with low-melting alloy (a) and composite deformation at different temperatures (b)[81]

    图  6  基于乙醇夹杂相变复合软材料的微爬行器设计(a)及微爬行器的运动表征(b)[93]

    Figure  6.  Design (a) and motion characterization (b) of micro-crawler based on soft composites with ethanol inclusions[93]

    图  7  液相夹杂复合材料制备方法: (a)共混搅拌[48]; (b)机械注入[94]; (c)微流控3D打印[69]

    Figure  7.  Methods for preparation of composites with liquid inclusions: (a) Blending and stirring[48]; (b) Mechanical injection[94]; (c) Microfluidics based 3D printing[69]

    图  8  乙醇夹杂相变复合软材料的宏观力学性能[93]:(a)应力-应变曲线; (b)相对热膨胀系数

    Figure  8.  Macro-mechanical properties of soft composites with ethanol inclusions[93]:(a) Stress-strain curves at different internal pressures; (b) Relative coefficient of thermal expansion

    图  9  液相夹杂复合软材料的单轴拉伸试验[65]: (a)不同尺寸液相夹杂的变形; (b)等效杨氏模量随夹杂体积分数的变化

    Figure  9.  Uniaxial tensile test of soft composite with liquid inclusions[65]: (a) Deformation of liquid inclusions of different sizes; (b) Effective Young’s modulus Ee of soft composites as a function of the liquid inclusion volume fraction f

    图  10  在单轴远场载荷作用下不可压缩固体中液相夹杂特征参数随ξ=γ/(ER)的变化[119]: (a)液相夹杂的变形应变; (b)剪切应力集中系数;(c)剪切应力集中系数云图

    Figure  10.  Liquid inclusion characteristics as a function of ξ=γ/(ER) for inclusions in an incompressible solid matrix upon uniaxial far-field loading[119]: (a) Droplet strain; (b) Shear-stress concentration; (c) Shear-stress distribution

    图  11  含有高介电常数球形液相夹杂的介电弹性复合软材料的等效电致伸缩系数(a)及电致伸缩变形(b)[123]

    Figure  11.  Effective electrostriction coefficients (a) and electrostrictive strain (b) of a nearly incompressible dielectric elastomer filled with liquid-like high permittivity spherical particles[123]

    表  1  室温下(25℃)常见离子液体的基本物理参数[21]

    Table  1.   Physical properties of some ionic liquids at room temperature (25℃)[21]

    Ionic liquidDensity/(g·cm−3)Viscosity/(mPa·s)Electronic conductivity/
    (mS·cm−1)
    Surface tension/
    (mN·m−1) b[22]
    Thermal conductivity/
    (W(m·K)−1)[23]
    [BMIM][BF4] 1.175 119.78 50.7 a 43.6 0.172
    [BMIM][PF6] 1.363 207 1.8 47.5 0.152
    [BMIM][NTF2] 1.429 52 3.9 31.5 0.135
    [EMIM][BF4] 1.279 32 14.0 44.3 0.200[24]
    [EMIM][NTF2] 1.518 34 9.2 40.5 0.145
    Notes: [BMIM][BF4]—1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; [BMIM][PF6]—1-Butyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate; [BMIM][NTF2]—1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide; [EMIM][BF4]—1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; [EMIM][NTF2]—1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide; a Data was obtained at 30℃; b Data was obtained from the interface between the tested liquid and air.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  磁流体的典型物性参数[31]

    Table  2.   Physical properties of typical magnetic fluid[31]

    PropertyTypical value
    Density/(g·cm–3) 3–4
    Initial viscosity/(Pa·s) 0.1–1.0
    Maximum yield strength/kPa 50–100
    Reaction time/(10–3 s) 10–20
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  室温下液态金属物理参数[40]

    Table  3.   Physical properties of liquid metal at room temperature[40]

    PropertyEGaInGalinstanHg
    Density/(g·cm−3) 6.28 6.44 1.35
    Viscosity/(mPa·s) 2.0 2.4 1.5
    Surface tension/(mN·m−1) 624 718 487
    Electrical conductivity/(105 mS·cm−1) 3.4 3.46 1
    Thermal conductivity/(W(m·K)−1) a[41] 26.4 25.4 8.18[42]
    Note: a Data was obtained at 37℃.
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 收稿日期:  2020-07-20
  • 录用日期:  2020-08-08
  • 网络出版日期:  2020-09-10
  • 刊出日期:  2021-01-15

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