结构储电碳纤维复合材料研究进展

丁颖慧; 祁国成; 张博明

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200921.006

结构储电碳纤维复合材料研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200921.006

1.
北京航空航天大学　材料科学与工程学院，北京 100191
2.
帝国理工学院　航空系，伦敦 SW72AZ

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 (11872086)

详细信息

通讯作者:
祁国成，博士，研究方向为复合材料力学及复合材料结构/功能一体化　 E-mail：qgc0207@163.com

中图分类号: TB332
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-07-20
- 录用日期: 2020-09-07
- 网络出版日期: 2020-09-22
- 刊出日期: 2021-01-15

Recent progress in carbon fiber reinforced composites for electricity storage

1.
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2.
Department of Aeronautics, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, UK

摘要

摘要: 复合材料化是航空、航天、国防、交通等装备结构升级的重要趋势。碳纤维复合材料的力学性能优异，同时兼具良好的导电特性，可用于存储和释放电能，实现结构的承载和储/放电一体化，从而达到材料多功能化和结构轻量化。结构储电复合材料通常是采用碳纤维织物作为电极材料，采用具有结构承载和离子导电的多功能聚合物基体为固态电解质，玻璃纤维织物等作为隔膜材料。本文主要对典型结构储电复合材料进行综述，包括结构电池、结构介电电容器和结构超级电容器，详细阐述了三种结构储电复合材料的组分材料、器件工作原理及多功能特性等。通过对比三种结构储电复合材料，概括了结构储电复合材料所面临的问题和挑战，提出了结构储电复合材料的发展趋势。
- 碳纤维 /
- 复合材料 /
- 结构电池 /
- 结构介电电容器 /
- 结构超级电容器
Abstract: Composite materialization is an important trend in the structural upgrading of aerospace, defense, transportation, etc. Due to excellent mechanical properties and electrical conductivity, carbon fiber reinforced composites can be used in structural components whilst having the capacity to store/output electrical energy, which realize an integration of load bearing and electrical power charge/discharge. Hence, both the multifunctional material and the lightweight structure can be achieved using such carbon fibre composites. Structural power composites are comprised of carbon fiber electrodes, glass fiber separator and solid electrolytes, which are multifunctional polymer matrix transferreing load from reinforcments and enabling ions to travel between electrodes. This paper reviewed the typical structural power composites, including structural batteries, structural dielectric capacitors and structural supercapacitors. Constituent materials, device working principles and multifunctional characteristics were summarized for three types of structural power composites. The problems and challenges facing structural power composites were eventually dicussed. Insights were given for the development trend of structural power composites.
- carbon fiber /
- composite /
- structural batteries /
- structural dielectric capacitors /
- structural supercapacitors

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图 1 不同储能器件的能量密度和功率密度^[6]

Figure 1. Energy density and power density of different energy storage devices^[6]

SMES—Superconducting magnetic energy storage devices

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图 2 结构电池示意图^[12]: (a)层合板结构电池; (b) 3D-纤维结构电池

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of structural battery^[12]: (a) Laminated structural battery; (b) 3D-fibre structural battery

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图 3 结构介电电容器的基本结构^[22]: (a)单个电容; (b)电容器串联;(c)电容器并联

Figure 3. Basic structure of structural dielectric capacitor^[22]: (a) Single capacitor; (b) Capacitor series; (c) Capacitor parallel connection

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图 4 双电层型超级电容器(EDLC)和赝电容型超级电容器的充放电原理^[28]

Figure 4. Schematic representation of electrical double-layer supercapacitor (EDLC) and pseudosupercapacitor^[28]

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图 5 结构超级电容器示意图^[29]

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of structural supercapacitors^[29]

GF—Glass fibre; PE—Polyethylene

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图 6 不同改性方法的碳纤维比表面积和容量^[23]

Figure 6. Specific surface area and specific capacitance of carbon fibre after different surface modifications^[23]

CNT—Carbon nanotube

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图 7 将环氧-液态电解质浸渍置于玻璃板上的结构超级电容器的辅助真空传递模塑(VARTM)原理^[33]

Figure 7. Schematic of vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process for impregnation of electrolyte-epoxy mixture into structural supercapacitor mounted on a plate^[33]

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图 8 结构超级电容器复合材料制造工艺原理^[34]

Figure 8. Schematic of structural supercapacitor composite fabrication process^[34]

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表 1 碳纤维活化前后的力学性能和电性能^[30]

Table 1. Electrical and mechanical properties of untreated and activated carbon fibers^[30]

Carbon fiber	S_BET/(m²·g⁻¹)	d_pore/(nm)	σ_f/MPa	E/GPa	ρ/(mΩ·cm)	C_sp/(F·g⁻¹)
CF	0.21	5.6	3290	204	1.54	0.06
ACF	21.39	2.5	3960	207	1.79	2.63
IACF	1100	1.9	1100	40	329	0.10
Notes：S_BET—Specific surface area; d_pore—Average pore diameter; σ_f—Mechanical single fibre strength; E—Young’s modulus; ρ—Electrical resistivity; C_sp—Specific capacitance; CF—Unmodified carbon fiber; ACF—KOH activated carbon fiber; IACF—Industrially-activated carbon fiber.

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表 2 不同结构超级电容器的力学性能和电性能(能量密度和功率密度在2.0 V的电压下测量)^[30]

Table 2. Electrical and mechanical properties of various structural supercapacitors prototypes (Energy and power densities calculated by assuming a supplied voltage of 2.0 V)^[30]

Prototype	Electrolyte	C_sp/(mF·g⁻¹)	Γ/(Wh·kg⁻¹)	P/(W·kg⁻¹)	E_c/GPa	X_c/MPa
CF/PAN	PC/EC+0.1 mol/L LiTFSI	3.0	0.000870	90.40	—	—
ACF/PAN	PC/EC+0.1 mol/L LiTFSI	55.0	0.010540	71.63	—	—
CF/PEGDGE	0.1 mol/L LiTFSI	4.5	0.000200	8.82	24.57	19.44
ACF/PEGDGE	0.1 mol/L LiTFSI	1.4	0.000003	0.05	38.67	29.35
CF/MVR444	—	—	—	—	33.04	36.21
ACF/MVR444	—	—	—	—	51.07	49.84
Notes: Γ—Energy density; P—Maximum power density; E_c—Compressive modulus normalized to V_f = 55%; X_c—Compressive strength; PAN—Poly(acrylonitrile); PEGDGE—Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether; MVR444—Epoxy resin; LiTFSI—Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide lithium salt; PC—Propylene carbonate; EC—Ethylene carbonate.

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