碳纤维复合材料超声振动辅助RTM工艺的浸润特性

杨旭静; 张良胜; 李茂君; 王开禹; 方文俊

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210302.007

碳纤维复合材料超声振动辅助RTM工艺的浸润特性

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20210302.007

湖南大学　机械与运载工程学院，长沙 410082

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51875188；51905163)

详细信息

通讯作者:
李茂君，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为复合材料加工与制造　E-mail：maojunli@hnu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-12-25
- 录用日期: 2021-02-10
- 网络出版日期: 2021-03-03
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-01

Impregnation characteristics of carbon fiber composite during ultrasonic vibration assisted RTM process

College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

摘要

摘要: 研究了织物类型、纤维体积分数和超声振动对树脂在碳纤维织物中流动特性的影响规律，设计了超声振动辅助RTM工艺过程中单向渗透率测量装置，开展了16组渗透率测试实验，并结合COMSOL软件仿真分析了织物中的树脂流动特性。研究表明，在相同纤维体积分数水平下，斜纹编织物的纤维束间隙通道比平纹织物的更宽，2/2斜纹编织织物渗透率比平纹织物提高了约21.5%。纤维体积分数与织物渗透率呈负相关，其函数关系与半经验公式Kozeny-Carman(KC)方程吻合较好。树脂流动过程中加入超声振动，其超声空化效应、加速度效应和微射流效应作用于纤维丝束表面，提高了织物渗透率约58.2%。有限元仿真模拟了椭圆形和近矩形纤维束截面设计的织物模型的流动过程，结果发现近矩形纤维束截面高流速区域范围更广，流体向纤维布夹层浸渍的速度分量更大。超声作用于织物纤维可能带动纤维丝束蠕动，使纤维束截面趋于近矩形状，从而提高了树脂对纤维织物的浸润性。上述研究结果对优化碳纤维复合材料成型工艺和成型性能具有一定的指导意义。
- 流动特性 /
- 织物类型 /
- 树脂浸润 /
- 超声振动 /
- 渗透率
Abstract: The flow characteristics of carbon fiber fabric was studied under different forming conditions, including fabric type, fiber volume fraction and ultrasonic vibration. The unidirectional permeability measurement device of ultrasonic vibration assisted RTM was newly designed. Permeability testing experiment including 16 trials was carried out, and the resin flow characteristics in the fabric were analyzed using COMSOL simulation. Results show that with the same fiber volume fraction, the fiber bundle gap channel of 2/2 twill weave fabric is wider than that of plain weave fabric, and the permeability of twill weave fabric is averagely 21.5% higher than result from plain weave fabric. The fiber volume fraction is negatively correlated with fabric permeability, and the functional relationship is in good agreement with the semi-empirical Kozeny-Carman (K-C) equation. The ultrasonic vibration is introduced into the resin flow process, and the ultrasonic cavitation effect, acceleration effect and micro-jet effect acted on the surface of fiber bundle, which significantly improves the permeability of fiber fabric about 58.2%. The flow process of fabric model, which is designed with elliptic and nearly rectangular fiber bundle section, was simulated by finite element model, and results show that the high velocity area of near rectangular fiber bundle section is relatively wider, and the velocity component of fluid impregnation to the interlayer of fiber cloth is larger. Ultrasonic acting on the fabric fibers probably drives the fiber bundle peristalsis, making the fiber bundle cross section tend to be nearly rectangular, subsequently improving the resin infiltration of the fiber fabric. Experimental results from this work have certain guiding significance to optimize the forming process of composites.
- flow characteristic /
- fabric type /
- resin impregnation /
- ultrasonic vibration /
- permeability

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图 1 平纹纤维布和斜纹纤维布尺寸

Figure 1. Size of plain and twill carbon fiber fabrics

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图 2 树脂在织物中的渗透过程

Figure 2. Permeation of resin into fabric

P_in—Inlet pressure; P₀—Outlet pressure

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图 3 多孔质材料在双尺度流动中的孔隙形成原理

Figure 3. Principle of pore formation of porous materials in two-scale flow

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图 4 实验测试装置示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of experimental test device

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图 5 纤维束横截面的幂椭圆结构示意图

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of power ellipse structure of fiber bundle cross section

n—Exponent; h—Fiber bundle height; L—Fiber bundle spacing; 2R—Fiber bundle width

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图 6 织物模型的边界条件

Figure 6. Boundary conditions of the fabric model

P₁—Inlet pressure; P₂—Outlet pressure

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图 7 流动前沿数据集

Figure 7. Flow frontier data set

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图 8 不同纤维体积分数(41.1vol%、47vol%、54.9vol%、60.9vol%)的织物渗透率

Figure 8. Permeability of plain weave fabrics with different fiber volume fractions (41.1vol%, 47vol%, 54.9vol%, 60.9vol%)

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图 9 织物压缩过程的三个阶段

Figure 9. Three stages in the fabric compression process

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图 10 因子${x_{V_{\rm{f}}}}$与渗透率的函数关系

Figure 10. Functional relationship between factor ${x_{V_{\rm{f}}}}$ and permeability

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图 11 气泡空隙在超声振动下的空化链式演变图

Figure 11. Cavitation chain evolution diagram of voids under ultrasonic vibration

P₀—Atmospheric pressure; P_g—Pressure in bubble; R—Radius of the bubble; P_I—Ultrasonic pressure; P_σ—Additional pressure casued by surface tension

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图 12 同一时刻的流动前沿(54.9vol%平纹织物)

Figure 12. Flow front at the same moment (54.9vol% plain weave fabric)

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图 13 两种纤维束织物模型(V_f=41.1vol%)在不同位置处的速度云图和流向分布

Figure 13. Velocity nephogram and flow direction distribution at different locations of two fiber bundle models (V_f =41.1vol%)

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图 14 在4种纤维体积分数(41.1vol%、47vol%、54.9vol%、60.9vol%)下的平纹和斜纹织物的实测渗透率和仿真渗透率及对应的KC线性拟合线

Figure 14. Measured and simulated permeability of plain and twill fabrics at four fiber volume fractions (41.1vol%, 47vol%, 54.9vol%, 60.9vol%), with the corresponding KC linear fitting lines

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表 1 碳纤维布的主要参数

Table 1. Main parameters of carbon fiber fabric

ρ_s/(g·m⁻²)	f_t/K	r_f/μm	h/mm
480	12	3.4	0.52
Notes: ρ_s—Area density; f_t—Fiber tow type; r_f —Radius of a single fiber filament; h—Thickness of fabric.

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表 2 实验设计组及详细参数

Table 2. Experimental design group and detailed parameters

Parameter	Level
Fabric type	Plain	Twill
Ultrasonic vibration	Yes	No
Fiber volume fraction/vol%	41.1, 47.0, 54.9, 60.9

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表 3 编织物不同纤维体积分数下的平方流动前沿(SFF)曲率

Table 3. Squared flow front (SFF) curvature of fabrics with different fiber volume fractions

V_f/vol%	s_plain	s_twill	r_g/%
41.1	0.00751	0.00957	21.53
47.0	0.00469	0.00558	15.95
54.9	0.00204	0.00294	30.61
60.9	0.00132	0.00161	18.01
Notes: V_f—Fiber volume fraction; s_plain—Slope of plain fabric; s_twill—Slope of twill fabric; r_g—Relative growth rate of twill fabrics relative to plain weave fabrics.

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表 4 拟合参数a的数值计算结果

Table 4. Numerical results of the fitting parameter a

	Plain	Ultrasound-plain	Twill	Ultrasound-twill
a	0.8356	1.3305	1.0535	1.6749
R²	0.9956	0.9956	0.9972	0.9963

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