留言板

尊敬的读者、作者、审稿人, 关于本刊的投稿、审稿、编辑和出版的任何问题, 您可以本页添加留言。我们将尽快给您答复。谢谢您的支持!

姓名
邮箱
手机号码
标题
留言内容
验证码

锌电沉积阳极的研究进展

庄思伟 吴冰 段宁 曹江林

庄思伟, 吴冰, 段宁, 等. 锌电沉积阳极的研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2021, 38(5): 1313-1330. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20201215.007
引用本文: 庄思伟, 吴冰, 段宁, 等. 锌电沉积阳极的研究进展[J]. 复合材料学报, 2021, 38(5): 1313-1330. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20201215.007
ZHUANG Siwei, WU Bing, DUAN Ning, et al. Research progress in anodes for zinc electrowinning[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2021, 38(5): 1313-1330. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20201215.007
Citation: ZHUANG Siwei, WU Bing, DUAN Ning, et al. Research progress in anodes for zinc electrowinning[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2021, 38(5): 1313-1330. doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20201215.007

锌电沉积阳极的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20201215.007
基金项目: 国家水体污染控制与治理科技重大专项(2017ZX07402004-1-1)
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    曹江林,博士,研究员,硕士生导师,研究方向为材料电化学、固废资源化(材料)利用、清洁生产等  E-mail:jlcao@tongji.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TB333

Research progress in anodes for zinc electrowinning

  • 摘要: 锌电沉积生产中,传统铅阳极因成本低、导电性好、易加工等优点而被广泛应用,但铅阳极在电解过程中的腐蚀也导致锌产物污染、电解液污染及阳极损耗等问题。提高阳极的电化学活性及耐蚀稳定性成为锌电沉积工艺的重要研究方向之一。近年来,学者们基于铅阳极的耐腐蚀机制,研发了多种电化学性能优异的耐腐蚀阳极,包括铅合金阳极、复合PbO2阳极和过渡金属氧化物涂层阳极等。本文综述了铅阳极、铅合金阳极、PbO2阳极和过渡金属氧化物涂层阳极等锌电沉积阳极的研究进展,对锌电沉积阳极的发展方向进行了展望。

     

  • 表  1  Pb合金阳极不同制备工艺及其特性

    Table  1.   Different preparation technologies and characteristics of Pb alloy anodes

    Preparation
    process
    Characteristic
    Casting rolling Change the properties of alloy anodes by intervention in the recrystallization of crystal grains. As the number of rolls increases, the grain size shows a trend of refinement[28]. Cross rolling is favorable to the formation of equiaxed crystals in the recrystallization process and improve the shock detection property of anode materials[29].
    Powder rolling The fine particles fromed by the Pb-Ag alloy atomization are further sieved and rolled to form grain boundaries inside the alloy anode to hinder the movement of dislocation and improve creep resistance[30].
    Vacuum hot pressing The alloy anode is prepared by heating graphite mold with mixed powder in a vacuum furnace under the programmed temperature control state[31] to improve the dispersion uniformity of the doped particles without changing their morphology[16].
    Electric pulse assisted casting The average grain size on the anode surface is reduced from 15 to 3.9 μm, and the order degree of grains is increased to promote the formation of equiaxed grains[32]. In addition, the crystal orientation and structure of the alloy anode can be changed to form a denser oxide layer on the surface to have excellent corrosion resistance during electrolysis[33].
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  不同Pb合金阳极及其特性概述

    Table  2.   Lead alloy anodes with different metal elements and their characteristics

    AnodeCharacteristic
    Pb-Ag The doping of Ag improves the density of the passivation layer and the corrosion resistance of the anode by changing the grain size and structure of the passivation layer[22]. Besides, the Ag2O2 in the PbO2 coating layer significantly improves the electrochemical activity of the coating layer[43-44].
    Pb-Ag-Bi Doping 1% Bi in the anode can reduce the anode oxygen evolution potential by 40–50 mV and promote the oxygen evolution reaction on the alloy anode[25]. Therefore, the Ag content in the Pb-Ag anode can be reduced by doping Bi, and the anode preparation cost will also be reduced.
    Pb-Co After doped of Co, the lead alloy anode has a higher dislocation density and refined sub-grain size, and the hardness, yield strength and tensile strength of the anode have been improved, which means that the stability of the anode has been significantly improved[26]. Co will also serve as an active site for oxygen evolution to promote the progress of the oxygen evolution reaction[22,45].
    Pb-Sb A potential window of about 50 mV appears on the Pb-Sb anode, which allows the asymmetric Pb(1−x)SbxOn solid solution to promote the formation of the PbO2 film on the anode surface[46].
    Pb-Ca With doping of Ca, the anode particles are refined, the anode coating is denser, and the anode corrosion resistance is improved[23].
    Pb-Bi The electrochemical performance of the lead anode has been improved, but excessive Bi doping has in-creased the grain size and corrosion rate of the anode[47].
    Pb-Nd The Nd in the alloy anode facilitates the oxygen evolution reaction and inhibits the formation of PbSO4. The Pb-Ag-Nd anode (1.78 V) has a lower anode potential than the Pb-Ag anode (1.811 V) during the operat-ing of potentiostat polarization under 50 mA·cm−2[48].
    Pb-Pr The doping of Pr promotes the formation of PbO2 particles and increases the content of active materials in the passivation layer and improves the electrochemical activity of the electrode[49]. The doping of Pr increases the tensile strength of Pb-Sb by approximately 32.66%, which means that Pb-Sb alloy has better casting processability[50].
    Pb-Ce The doping of Ce can strengthen the solid solution, increase the resistance of solid solution deformation, promote the generation of dislocations, and improve the mechanical properties of the alloy anode[51].
    Pb-CNTs Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are incorporated into the Pb anode. The highly conductive CNTs bridge between the substrate Pb and PbO2 to promote the transfer of electrons, thereby enhancing the charge transfer capability of the lead anode[52]
    Pb-MnO2 Compared with the Pb-Ag anode, the Pb-MnO2 anode has a higher oxygen evolution activity[53]. The doping of hydrophobic MnO2 particles on the lead anode is beneficial to promote the desorption of oxygen bubbles from the anode surface[42] and inhibit the barrier effect caused by the adsorption of oxygen bubbles on the anode surface. The MnO2 site on the anode surface has poor electrocatalytic effect on the chlorine evolution reaction and inhibits the oxidation reaction of chloride ions on the anode, which is beneficial to improve the corrosion resistance of the anode[8,53].
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  PbO2阳极的结构及各结构层的特性

    Table  3.   Structure of PbO2 anode and characteristics of each layer

    Structural layerCharacteristic
    Substrate Titanium substrates with high strength and high corrosion resistance are commonly used[69-71]. Non-metallic materials such as ceramics, graphite, carbon nanotubes and carbon fibers with excellent corrosion resistance can also be used as substrates[72-74]. The surface roughness of the coating determines the bonding ability between the substrate and the oxide layer[75-77].
    Interlayer SnO2 intermediate layer can not only be stably combined with the PbO2 coating but also form a stable solid solution with TiO2 which generated by the oxidation of the Ti substrate[78]. α-PbO2 can also be used as an intermediate layer as α-PbO2 has a denser structure than β-PbO2, and the binding force of α-PbO2 to the substrate is significantly stronger than that of β-PbO2 to the substrate. More-over, as an intermediate layer, α-PbO2 can act as a buffer between the substrate and the β-PbO2 layer to reduce electrowinning distortion[79].
    Active layer The PbO2 active layer has excellent corrosion resistance which enables the PbO2 anode has a relatively stable corrosion resistance from the beginning. However, with the progress of electrolysis, the PbO2 film will show a certain degree of corrosion, loss, and even deactivation[80].
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  改性PbO2复合阳极及其特性

    Table  4.   Modified PbO2 composite anodes and their characteristics

    AnodeCharacteristic
    PbO2-F The doping of F ions reduces the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the PbO2 lattice and inhibits the corrosion of the active layer[88]. The doping of fluoride ions inhibits the formation of the hydration layer, reduces the number of active sites for oxygen evolution reaction, and leads to an increase in the overpotential of the anode oxygen evolution[92]. The doping of F increases the steric hindrance of the adsorption of ·OH on the anode surface, thereby inhibiting the formation of the hydration layer[93].
    PbO2-Fe The charge transfer resistance of PbO2-Fe anode is much lower than that of the PbO2 anode[94]. By replacing Pb4+ in the PbO2 lattice, Fe3+ doping increases the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the lattice and the concentration of electron donor Pb3+, thereby improving the electrocatalytic activity of the active layer[89]. However, the doping of Fe increases the concentration of oxygen vacancies inside the anode, aggravates the diffusion of active oxygen atoms into the active layer and invades the oxygen vacancies, and reduces the stability of the active layer[89].
    PbO2-Ag The presence of Ag promotes the growth of β-PbO2 grains, which leads to an increase in grain size and a decrease in the specific surface area of the active layer[88]. The AgO adsorption layer provides a large number of active sites for the adsorption of oxygen-containing groups and promotes the oxygen evolution reaction[88].
    PbO2-Al The PbO2-Al anode did not show an obvious loss after 2.5 h of electrolysis, and Al, Sn and Sb elements were not detected in the electrolyte, indicating that the PbO2-Al anode has reusability and safety[95].
    PbO2- CeO2 With the increase of Ce(NO3)4 concentration, the radius of curvature of the electrochemical impedance curve of the PbO2-Ce anode becomes smaller, and the charge transfer resistance of PbO2-Ce anode decreased from 22.16 Ω·cm2 to 9.27 Ω·cm2 which means Ce doping improved the electrochemical activity of PbO2 anode[96].
    PbO2-Co3O4 The oxygen evolution overpotential of the PbO2-Co3O4 anode is 280 mV lower than that of the Pb-Ag anode, and the volt-ampere charge is increased by 26.5%[97]. However, the surface roughness of the PbO2 anode under the Co3O4 modification is increased, and the compactness of the PbO2 anode was reduced to affect the anode service life[98].
    PbO2-TiO2 The nano-TiO2 particles in the PbO2 anode hinder the continuous deposition of PbO2, inhibit the growth of PbO2, and promote the formation of a dense PbO2 active layer[99]. Additionally, the presence of TiO2 also promotes the directional growth at the (101) crystal plane and the (301) crystal plane and improves the oxygen evolution activity of the anode[100].
    PbO2-ZrO2 The doping of nano-ZrO2 particles in the PbO2 active layer increases the effective surface area of the active layer and improve the electrocatalytic activity of the anode[101].
    PbO2-WC The tungsten carbide (WC) adsorbed on the intermediate state Pb(OH)2+ affects the ion exchange rate between the electrode and the solution, so that the deposited PbO2 crystal grains are gradually refined, and the structure of the PbO2 active layer is more compact[102].
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  过渡金属氧化物涂层的制备工艺及其特性

    Table  5.   Preparation technologies and characteristics of transition metal oxide coating

    Preparation methodCharacteristic
    Thermal decomposition The prepared transition metal oxide coating usually has a mud crack morphology, and the surface properties and electrochemical performance of the coating are significantly affected by the preparation conditions[120].
    Sol-gel preparation Compared with the thermal decomposition method, the sol-gel preparation process effectively avoids the chlorine residue in the coating[123].
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  不同过渡金属氧化层及其特性

    Table  6.   Different transition metal oxide layers and their characteristics

    LayerCharacteristic
    IrO2 The IrO2 anode containing excess oxygen is a highly efficient catalytic anode for oxygen evolution. Compared with lead anodes, the use of IrO2 anodes can save about 15% of the electrowinning energy consumption for the oxygen evolution electrocatalytic process[126].
    RuO2 RuO2 coating has good conductivity and excellent interlayer adhesion[127]. The RuO2 coatings prepared at annealing temperatures of 200°C and 300°C and above show an amorphous structure and a rutile crystalline structure, respectively[128]. RuO2 with an amorphous structure tends to have higher electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution[129].
    TiO2-RuO2-IrO2 The TiO2-RuO2/Ti electrode has excellent catalytic activity. After the doping of IrO2 in TiO2-RuO2, the loss ratio of ruthenium is reduced from 43% to 14%, which means the stability of the transition metal oxide coating is improved[130].
    IrO2-Ta2O5 The heating rate of the calcination process largely determines the crack width and density of the coating surface. The crack width and density on the surface of the IrO2-Ta2O5 coating have a significant impact on the electrochemical properties such as the volt-ampere charge and the service life of the anode[131].
    SnO2-Sb-Ru The conductivity of SnO2 is low, which is not conducive to the progress of the anode reaction[78]. Therefore, the Sb ion-doped with SnO2 is beneficial to promote the generation of free electrons and effectively improve the conductivity of the coating. The doping of Ru is beneficial to increase the active oxide content of the coating surface and reduce the charge transfer resistance of the coating, thereby reducing the overpotential of oxygen evolution of the coating[132].
    下载: 导出CSV
  • [1] ZHANG Y, YU K, JIANG D, et al. Zinc oxide nanorod and nanowire for humidity sensor[J]. Applied Surface Science,2005,242(1-2):212-217.
    [2] KOŁODZIEJCZAK-RADZIMSKA A, JESIONOWSKI T. Zinc oxide: From synthesis to application: A review[J]. Materials,2014,7(4):2833-2881.
    [3] ZHANG H, LI Y, WANG J, et al. The influence of nickel ions on the long period electrowinning of zinc from sulfate electrolytes[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2009,99(1-2):127-130.
    [4] ABKHOSHK E, JORJANI E, AL-HARAHSHEH M, et al. Review of the hydrometallurgical processing of non-sulfide zinc ores[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2014,149:153-167.
    [5] XU H, WEI C, LI C, et al. Sulfuric acid leaching of zinc silicate ore under pressure[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2010,105(1-2):186-190.
    [6] LAFRONT A, ZHANG W, GHALI E, et al. Electrochemical noise studies of the corrosion behaviour of lead anodes during zinc electrowinning maintenance[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2010,55(22):6665-6675.
    [7] 曹江林, 吴祖成, 李红霞, 等. PbO2阳极在硫酸溶液中的析氧失活行为[J]. 物理化学学报, 2007, 23(10):1515-1519. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20071006

    CAO Jianglin, WU Zucheng, LI Hongxia, et al. Inactivation of PbO2 anodes during oxygen evolution in sulfuric acid solution[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica,2007,23(10):1515-1519(in Chinese). doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20071006
    [8] NICOL M, AKILAN C, TJANDRAWAN V, et al. The effects of halides in the electrowinning of zinc Ⅰ: Oxidation of chloride on lead-silver anodes[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2017,173:125-133.
    [9] MAJUSTE D, BUBANI F, BOLMARO R, et al. Effect of organic impurities on the morphology and crystallographic texture of zinc electrodeposits[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2017,169:330-338.
    [10] TUNNICLIFFE M, MOHAMMADI F, ALFANTAZI A. Polarization behavior of lead-silver anodes in zinc electrowinning electrolytes[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2012,159(4):170-180.
    [11] ZHONG S, LIU H, DOU S, et al. Evaluation of lead-calcium-tin-aluminium grid alloys for valve-regulated lead/acid batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,1996,59(1-2):123-129.
    [12] ZHANG W, LAFRONT A, GHALI E, et al. Effect of silver content in Pb-Ag anodes on the performance of the anodes during zinc electrowinning[J]. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly,2009,48(4):327-336.
    [13] NAKISA S, AHMADI NP, MOGHADDAM J. Electrochemical study of Pb anodes for zinc electrowinning industry[J]. Surface Engineering,2014,30(9):650-655.
    [14] ZHANG W, HOULACHI G. Electrochemical studies of the performance of different Pb-Ag anodes during and after zinc electrowinning[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2010,104(2):129-135.
    [15] 欧阳璇, 杨喜昆, 余江英, 等. 铅锑合金改性以及在湿法冶炼上的发展前景[J]. 热加工工艺, 2016, 45(20):9-12.

    OUYANG Xuan, YANG Xikun, YU Jiangying, et al. Modification of lead-antimony and its development prospects in hydrometallurgy[J]. Hot Working Technology,2016,45(20):9-12(in Chinese).
    [16] ZHANG J, XU R, YU B, et al. Study on the properties of Pb-Co3O4-PbO2 composite inert anodes prepared by vacuum hot pressing technique[J]. RSC Advances,2017,7(78):49166-49176.
    [17] SCHMACHTEL S, TOIMINEN M, KONTTURI K, et al. New oxygen evolution anodes for metal electrowinning: MnO2 composite electrodes[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2009,39(10):1835-1848.
    [18] LIU J, LI R, WANG T, et al. Effect of calcination temperature on preparation and electrochemical characterization of Ti/Sn-Sb-RuOx electrode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Materials Research Express,2019,6(10):105527.
    [19] ZHANG W, HOULACHI G, GHALI E. Potentiostatic studies of the influence of temperature on lead-silver anodes during electrowinning and decay period[J]. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly,2019,58(3):272-284.
    [20] PAVLOV D, MONAHOV B. Mechanism of the elementary electrochemical processes taking place during oxygen evolution on the lead dioxide electrode[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,1996,143(11):3616-3629.
    [21] ZHANG W, HASKOURI S, HOULACHI G, et al. Lead-silver anode behavior for zinc electrowinning in sulfuric acid solution[J]. Corrosion Reviews,2019,37(2):157-178.
    [22] CLANCY M, BETTLES CJ, STUART A, et al. The influence of alloying elements on the electrochemistry of lead anodes for electrowinning of metals: A review[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2013,131-132:144-157.
    [23] PRENGAMAN R, SIEGMUND A. New wrought Pb-Ag-Ca anodes for zinc electrowinning to produce a protective oxide coating rapidly[C]//Lead-zinc2000 Symposium as Held. USA: 2000.
    [24] YANG H, LIU H, GUO Z, et al. Electrochemical behavior of rolled Pb-0.8% Ag anodes[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2013,140:144-150.
    [25] LAI Y, ZHONG S, JIANG L, et al. Effect of doping Bi on oxygen evolution potential and corrosion behavior of Pb-based anode in zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of Central South University of Technology,2009,16(2):236-241.
    [26] KARBASI M, ALAMDARI E, DEHKORDI E. Electrochemical performance of Pb-Co composite anode during zinc electrowinning[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2019,183:51-59.
    [27] HAN Z, XU L, KALMAN CS, et al. Preparation and electrochemical properties of Al/TiB2/β-PbO2 layered composite electrode materials for electrowinning of nonferrous metals[J]. Ceramics International,2018,44(15):18420-18428.
    [28] YANG J, CHEN B, HANG H, et al. Effect of rolling technologies on the properties of Pb-0.06wt%Ca-1.2wt%Sn alloy anodes during copper electrowinning[J]. International Journal of Minerals Metallurgy and Materials,2015,22(11):1205-1211.
    [29] XIANG Q, JIANG B, ZHANG Y, et al. Effect of rolling-induced microstructure on corrosion behaviour of an as-extruded Mg-5Li-1Al alloy sheet[J]. Corrosion Science,2017,119:14-22.
    [30] TAGUCHI M, TAKAHASHI H, NAGAI M, et al. Characteristics of Pb-based alloy prepared by powder rolling method as an insoluble anode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2013,136:78-84.
    [31] TANG F, ANDERSON I, GNAUPEL-HEROLD T, et al. Pure Al matrix composites produced by vacuum hot pressing: Tensile properties and strengthening mechanisms[J]. Materials Science and Engineering A,2004,383(2):362-373.
    [32] LIAO Y, LIANG C, LIN K, et al. High dislocation density of tin induced by electric current[J]. AIP Advances,2015,5(12):127210.
    [33] WANG W, YUAN T, LI R, et al. Electrochemical corrosion behaviors of Pb-Ag anodes by electric current pulse assisted casting[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2019,847:113250.
    [34] RASHKOV S, STEFANOV Y, NONCHEVA Z, et al. Investigation of the processes of obtaining plastic treatment and electrochemical behaviour of lead alloys in their capacity as anodes during the electro-extraction of zinc 2: Electrochemical formation of phase layers on binary Pb-Ag and Pb-Ca, and ternary Pb-Ag-Ca alloys in a sulphuric-acid electrolyte for zinc electro-extraction[J]. Hydrometallurgy,1996,40(3):319-334.
    [35] ZHOU X, WANG S, YANG J, et al. Effect of cooling ways on properties of Al/Pb-0.2% Ag rolled alloy for zinc electrowinning[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2017,27(9):2096-2103.
    [36] LAI Y, JIANG L, LI J, et al. A novel porous Pb-Ag anode for energy-saving in zinc electrowinning Part Ⅱ: Preparation and pilot plant tests of large size anode[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2010,102(1-4):81-86.
    [37] SHUAI W, ZHOU X, MA C, et al. Electrochemical properties of Pb-0.6 wt% Ag powder-pressed alloy in sulfuric acid electrolyte containing Cl/Mn2+ ions[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2018,177:218-226.
    [38] YANG C, ZHAO L, ZHANG X. Service life assessment of lead and its alloy anodes during zinc electrowinning[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2019,14(9):8720-8732.
    [39] LI H, YUAN T, LI R, et al. Electrochemical properties of powder-pressed Pb-Ag-PbO2 anodes[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2019,29(11):2422-2429.
    [40] VELAYUTHAM D, NOEL M. Effect of additives on the anodic codeposition of lead dioxide and polypyrrole[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,1993,23(9):922-926.
    [41] ALAMDARI E, DARVISHI D, KHOSHKHOO M, et al. On the way to develop co-containing lead anodes for zinc electrowinning[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2012,119:77-86.
    [42] KARBASI M, ALAMDARI E. Electrochemical evaluation of lead base composite anodes fabricated by accumulative roll bonding technique[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2015,46(2):688-699.
    [43] LIN W, TSOU C, OUYANG F. Electrochemical migration of nano-sized Ag interconnects under deionized water and Cl-containing electrolyte[J]. Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Electronics,2018,29(21):18331-18342.
    [44] MCGINNITY J, NICOL M. The role of silver in enhancing the electrochemical activity of lead and lead-silver alloy anodes[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2014,144:133-139.
    [45] 张永春, 郭忠诚, 杨海涛, 等. Al/Pb-Ag-Co阳极中的Co在锌电沉积过程中的催化机理[J]. 材料保护, 2013, 46(9):7-9; 16; 5.

    ZHANG Y C, GUO Z C, YANG H T, et al. Catalytic mechanism of cobalt in electroplated lead-silver-cobalt coating anode on aluminum sheet during zinc electrodeposition[J]. Materials Protection,2013,46(9):7-9; 16; 5(in Chinese).
    [46] METIKOSHUKOVIC M, BABIC R, BRINIC S. Influence of antimony on the properties of the anodic oxide layer formed on Pb-Sb alloys[J]. Journal of Power Sources,1997,64(1-2):13-19.
    [47] NIKOLOSKI A, BARMI M. Novel lead-cobalt composite anodes for copper electrowinning[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2013,137:45-52.
    [48] 洪波, 蒋良兴, 吕晓军, 等. Nd对锌电积用Pb-Ag合金阳极性能的影响[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2012, 22(4):1126-1131.

    HONG B, JIANG L X, LV X J, et al. Influence of Nd on Pb-Ag alloy anode for zinc electrowinning[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2012,22(4):1126-1131(in Chinese).
    [49] 张新华, 马敏, 柳厚田. 镨和钕对硫酸溶液中铅阳极膜阻抗特性的影响[J]. 复旦学报(自然科学版), 2008, 47(5):659-662.

    ZHANG X H, MA M, LIU H T. Effect of Pr and Nd on the impedance property of anodic Pb(Ⅱ) film in sulfuric acid solution[J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Sciences),2008,47(5):659-662(in Chinese).
    [50] 戴炳蔚, 于杰, 周晓龙, 等. Pr对锌电积用Pb-Sb合金阳极板性能的影响[J]. 功能材料, 2017, 48(8):8113-8116, 8123.

    DAI B W, YU J, ZHOU X L, et al. Influence of Pr on Pb-Ag alloy anode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of Functional Materials,2017,48(8):8113-8116, 8123(in Chinese).
    [51] 戴炳蔚, 于杰, 周晓龙, 等. Ce对锌电积用Pb-Sb合金阳极板性能的影响[J]. 热加工工艺, 2018, 47(4):89-92, 95.

    DAI B W, YU J, ZHOU X L, et al. Influence of Ce on properties of Pb-Sb alloy anode plate for zinc electrowinning[J]. Hot Working Technology,2018,47(4):89-92, 95(in Chinese).
    [52] YANG C, SHEN Q, ZHAI D, et al. Carbon nanotubes sheathed in lead for the oxygen evolution in zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2019,49(1):67-77.
    [53] MOHAMMADI M, ALFANTAZI A. The performance of Pb-MnO2 and Pb-Ag anodes in 2 Mn(Ⅱ)-containing sulphuric acid electrolyte solutions[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2015,153:134-144.
    [54] YU B, XU R, HE S, et al. Preparations and performances testing of α/β-PbO2 phase compositions prepared in methanesulfonic acid in order to provide more appropriate environmentally sustainable electrodes[J]. Electrochemistry,2019,87(4):197-203.
    [55] LI W, CHEN H, LONG X, et al. Oxygen evolution reaction on lead-bismuth alloys in sulfuric acid solution[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2006,158(2):902-907.
    [56] YANG H, CHEN B, LIU J, et al. Preparation and properties of Al/Pb-Ag-Co composite anode material for zinc electrowinning[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2014,43(12):2889-2892.
    [57] XING Y, MICKLITZ H, HERRERA W, et al. Superconducting transition in Pb/Co nanocomposites: Effect of Co volume fraction and external magnetic field[J]. European Physical Journal B,2010,76(3):353-357.
    [58] ZHANG Y, CHEN B, GUO Z. Electrochemical properties and microstructure of Al/Pb-Ag and Al/Pb-Ag-Co anodes for zinc electrowinning[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica-English Letters,2014,27(2):331-337.
    [59] ZHANG Y, CHEN B, YANG H, et al. Anodic behavior and microstructure of Al/Pb-Ag-Co anode during zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of Central South University,2014,21(1):83-88.
    [60] PRENGAMAN R. Improvements to active material for VRLA batteries[J]. Journal of Power Sources,2005,144(2):426-437.
    [61] NGUYEN T, GURESIN N, NICOL M, et al. Influence of cobalt ions on the anodic oxidation of a lead alloy under conditions typical of copper electrowinning[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2008,38(2):215-224.
    [62] TJANDRAWAN V, NICOL M. Electrochemical oxidation of iron (II) ions on lead alloy anodes[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2013,131:81-88.
    [63] FELDER A, PRENGAMAN R. Lead alloys for permanent anodes in the nonferrous metals industry[J]. The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society,2006,58(10):28-31.
    [64] ZHANG J, WANG S, ZHANG J, et al. Effects of Nd on microstructures and mechanical properties of AM60 magnesium alloy in vacuum melting[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2009,38(7):1141-1145.
    [65] 李渊, 蒋良兴, 倪恒发, 等. 锌电积用Pb/Pb-MnO2复合电催化阳极的制备及性能[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2010, 20(12):2357-2365.

    LI Y, JIANG L X, NI H F, et al. Preparation and properties of Pb/Pb-MnO2 composite anode for zinc electrowinning[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2010,20(12):2357-2365(in Chinese).
    [66] ZHANG Q, HUA Y. Effect of Mn2+ ions on the electrodeposition of zinc from acidic sulphate solutions[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2009,99(3-4):249-254.
    [67] IVANOV I, STEFANOV Y. Electroextraction of zinc from sulphate electrolytes containing antimony ions and hydroxyethylated-butyne-2-diol-1,4 Part 3: The influence of manganese ions and a divided cell[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2002,64(3):181-186.
    [68] CHEN B, YAN W, HE Y, et al. Influence of F-doped β-PbO2 conductive ceramic layer on the anodic behavior of 3D Al/Sn rod Pb-0.75% Ag for zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2019,166(4):119-128.
    [69] WANG X, XU R, FENG S, et al. α(β)-PbO2 doped with Co3O4 and CNT porous composite materials with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for zinc electrowinning[J]. RSC Advances,2020,10(3):1351-1360.
    [70] DAI Q, SHEN H, XIA Y, et al. The application of a novel Ti/SnO2-Sb2O3/PTFE-La-Ce-β-PbO2 anode on the degradation of cationic gold yellow X-GL in sono-electrochemical oxidation system[J]. Sepapation and Purification Technology,2013,104:9-16.
    [71] HONG X, ZHANG R, TONG S, et al. Preparation of Ti/PTFE-F-PbO2 electrode with a long life from the sulfamic acid bath and its application in organic degradation[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering,2011,19(6):1033-1038.
    [72] 周明华, 戴启洲, 雷乐成, 等. 新型二氧化铅阳极电催化降解有机污染物的特性研究[J]. 物理化学学报, 2004, 20(8):871-876. doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20040818

    ZHOU M H, DAI Q Z, LEI L C, et al. Electrochemical oxidation for the degradation of organic pollutants on a novel PbO2 anode[J]. Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica,2004,20(8):871-876(in Chinese). doi: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB20040818
    [73] LIU J, XU J, HAN Z. A comparative study of lead alloy electrode and CF/beta-PbO2 electrode for zinc electrowinning[J]. ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology,2020,9(4):041012.
    [74] DUAN T, CHEN Y, WEN Q, et al. Novel three-dimensional macroporous PbO2 foam electrode for efficient electrocatalytic decolorization of dyes[J]. RSC Advances,2015,5(109):89363-89367.
    [75] LI L, HUANG Z, FAN X, et al. Preparation and characterization of a Pd modified Ti/SnO2-Sb anode and its electrochemical degradation of Ni-EDTA[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2017,231:354-362.
    [76] DEVILLIERS D, MAHE E. Modified titanium electrodes application to Ti/TiO2/PbO2 dimensionally stable anodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2010,55(27):8207-8214.
    [77] HE S, XU R, HU G, et al. Study on the electrosynthesis of Pb-0.3%Ag/ α-PbO2 composite inert anode materials[J]. Electrochemistry,2015,83(11):974-978.
    [78] CAO J, ZHAO H, CAO F, et al. Electrocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol on F-doped PbO2 anodes[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2009,54(9):2595-2602.
    [79] LI H, CHEN Z, YU Q, et al. Electrocatalytic activity of Ti/Al/Ti/PbO2-WC rod composite electrodes during zinc electrowinning[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2018,13(5):4367-4378.
    [80] 张瑾, 竺培显, 代建清, 等. 新型Ti/Al复合基体对传统Ti基PbO2电极性能的改善[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2015, 44(6):1459-1464.

    ZHANG J, ZHU P X, DAI J Q, et al. Improvements on properties of traditional Ti-based lead dioxide electrodes by novel Ti/Al composited substrate electrodes[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2015,44(6):1459-1464(in Chinese).
    [81] XU L, SCANTLEBURY J. A study on the deactivation of an IrO2-Ta2O5 coated titanium anode[J]. Corrosion Science,2003,45(12):2729-2740.
    [82] KONG H, HUANG W, LIN H, et al. Effect of SnO2-Sb2O5 interlayer on electrochemical performances of a Ti-Substrate lead dioxide electrode[J]. Chinese Journal of Chemistry,2012,30(9):2059-2065.
    [83] CASELLATO U, CATTARIN S, MUSIANI M. Preparation of porous PbO2 electrodes by electrochemical deposition of composites[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2003,48(27):3991-3998.
    [84] 汪世川, 陈步明, 黄惠, 等. 锌电积用钛基掺聚苯胺热解碳氮SnO2-Sb2O3/PbO2电极[J]. 材料科学与工艺, 2018, 26(6):89-96.

    WANG S C, CHEN B M, HUANG H, er al. Ti/PbO2 electrode doped with polyaniline pyrolyzed carbon-nitrogen in SnO2-Sb2O3 interlayer for zinc electrowinning[J]. Materials Science and Technology,2018,26(6):89-96(in Chinese).
    [85] CARR J, HAMPSON N. Lead dioxide electrode[J]. Chemical Reviews,1972,72(6):679-703.
    [86] REN X, LU H, LIU Y, et al. 3-dimensional growth mechanism of lead dioxide electrode on the Ti substrate in the process of electrochemical deposition[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica,2009,67(9):888-892.
    [87] SHMYCHKOVA O, LUK′YANENKO T, PILETSKA A, et al. Electrocrystallization of lead dioxide: Influence of early stages of nucleation on phase composition[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2015,746:57-61.
    [88] CHEN S, CHEN B, WANG S, et al. Ag doping to boost the electrochemical performance and corrosion resistance of Ti/Sn-Sb-RuOx/α-PbO2/β-PbO2 electrode in zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2020,815:152551.
    [89] 赵海燕, 曹江林, 曹发和, 等. F-和Fe3+掺杂对Ti基PbO2阳极性能的影响[J]. 无机化学学报, 2009, 25(1):117-123. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-4861.2009.01.021

    ZHAO H Y, CAO J L, CAO F H, et al. Effect of F, Fe3+-doping on performance of lead dioxide anodes[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,2009,25(1):117-123(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-4861.2009.01.021
    [90] SHI K, LI D, SONG H, et al. Determination of InN/diamond heterojunction band offset by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy[J]. Nanoscale Research Letters,2011,6:50.
    [91] LI J, WANG Y, BI Y, et al. Internal stress formation and changes in oxide films on a lead alloy anode surface[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2016,11(12):10659-10674.
    [92] AMADELLI R, MALDOTTI A, MOLINARI A, et al. Influence of the electrode history and effects of the electrolyte composition and temperature on O2 evolution at β-PbO2 anodes in acid media[J]. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2002,534(1):1-12.
    [93] QIAO Q, WANG L, SHI J, et al. Properties of fluoride-doped β-PbO2 electrodes and their electrocatalytic activities in degradation of acid orange Ⅱ[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2015,10(12):10639-10650.
    [94] 李晓萍, 陆海彦, 任秀斌, 等. 阳极共沉积法制备Fe和Co掺杂PbO2电极及其性能表征[J]. 应用化学, 2011, 28(5):571-575.

    LI X P, LU H Y, REN X B, et al. Preparation and performances of PbO2 electrodes doped with Fe or Co by the electro-codeposition method[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry,2011,28(5):571-575(in Chinese).
    [95] CHEN J, XIA Y, DAI Q. Electrochemical degradation of chloramphenicol with a novel Al doped PbO2 electrode: Performance, kinetics and degradation mechanism[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2015,165:277-287.
    [96] ZHANG C, LIU J, CHEN B. Effect of Ce(NO3)4 on the electrochemical properties of Ti/PbO2-TiO2-Ce(NO3)4 electrode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Applied Physics A,2019,125(2):150.
    [97] 孔营, 徐瑞东, 黄利平, 等. Pb-0.3%Ag/Pb-Co3O4复合惰性阳极材料的电化学性能[J]. 材料研究学报, 2012, 26(5):495-502.

    KONG Y, XU R D, HUANG L P, et al. Electrochemical properties of Pb-0.3%Ag/Pb-Co3O4 composite inert anodes[J]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2012,26(5):495-502(in Chinese).
    [98] 石凤浜, 陈步明, 郭忠诚, 等. 不锈钢基/β-PbO2-TiO2-Co3O4复合镀层制备及其性能表征[J]. 应用化学, 2012, 29(6):691-696.

    SHI F B, CHEN B M, GUO Z C, et al. Preparation and characterization of β-PbO2-TiO2-Co3O4 composite coating on stainless steel[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry,2012,29(6):691-696(in Chinese).
    [99] AMADELLI R, SAMIOLO L, VELICHENKO A, et al. Composite PbO2-TiO2 materials deposited from colloidal electrolyte: Electrosynthesis, and physicochemical properties[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2009,54(22):5239-5245.
    [100] AMADELLI R, ARGAZZI R, BIGNOZZI C, et al. Design of antenna-sensitizer polynuclear complexes: Sensitization of titanium dioxide with [Ru(bpy)2(CN)2]2Ru(bpy(COO)2)22−[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,1990,112(20):7099-7103.
    [101] CUI W, CHEN Z, YU Q, et al. Preparation of Ti/PbO2-ZrO2 composite anode for Zn electrowinnig[J]. International Journal of Electrochemical Science,2018,13(2):1400-1412.
    [102] LI H, CHEN Z, YU Q, et al. Effects of tungsten carbide on the electrocatalytic activity of PbO2-WC composite inert anodes during zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2017,164(14):1064-1071.
    [103] KONG H, LI W, LIN H, et al. Influence of F- doping on the microstructure, surface morphology and electrochemical properties of the lead dioxide electrode[J]. Surface and Interface Analysis,2013,45(3):715-721.
    [104] TANG Y, KONG C. A preliminary study on electrodeposition and decolorization activity of β-PbO2-coated titanium electrodes from tetrafluoroborate solutions[J]. Materials Chemistry and Physics,2012,135(2-3):1108-1114.
    [105] CHEN B, WANG S, LIU J, et al. Corrosion resistance mechanism of a novel porous Ti/Sn-Sb-RuOx/β-PbO2 anode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Corrosion Science,2018,144:136-144.
    [106] DUGDALE I, FLEISCHMANN M, WYNNE-JONES W. The anodic oxidation of silver sulphate to silver oxide at constant potential[J]. Electrochimica Acta,1961,5(3):229-239.
    [107] AN H, CUI H, ZHANG W, et al. Fabrication and electrochemical treatment application of a microstructured TiO2-NTs/Sb-SnO2/PbO2 anode in the degradation of CI Reactive Blue 194 (RB 194)[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2012,209:86-93.
    [108] XIA Y, DAI Q. Electrochemical degradation of methyldopa on a Fe doped PbO2 electrode: Electrode characterization, reaction kinetics and energy demands[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2017,164(13):877-884.
    [109] YANG C, WANG Y, HU B, et al. Optimized fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes array/SnO2-Sb/Fe-doped PbO2 electrode and application in electrochemical treatment of dye wastewater[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials,2018,47(10):5965-5972.
    [110] LI Q, ZHANG Q, CUI H, et al. Fabrication of cerium-doped lead dioxide anode with improved electrocatalytic activity and its application for removal of Rhodamine B[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2013,228:806-814.
    [111] SHMYCHKOVA O, LUK′YANENKO T, VELICHENKO A, et al. Bi-doped PbO2 anodes: Electrodeposition and physico-chemical properties[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2013,111:332-338.
    [112] LYU J, HAN H, WU Q, et al. Enhancement of the electrocatalytic oxidation of dyeing wastewater (reactive brilliant blue KN-R) over the Ce-modified Ti-PbO2 electrode with surface hydrophobicity[J]. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry,2019,23(3):847-859.
    [113] ZHANG C, LIU J, CHEN B. Effect of CeO2 and graphite powder on the electrochemical performance of Ti/PbO2 anode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Ceramics International,2018,44(16):19735-19742.
    [114] CUI W, CHEN Z, YU Q, et al. The electrochemical performance study of CeO2 particles modified titanium base lead dioxide composite electrode materials[J]. Chemical Research and Application,2017,29(9):1380-1386.
    [115] HU G, XU R, HE S, et al. Electrosynthesis of Al/Pb/α-PbO2 composite inert anode materials[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2015,25(6):2095-2102.
    [116] YANG H, CHEN B, GUO Z, et al. Effects of current density on preparation and performance of Al/conductive coating/α-PbO2-CeO2-TiO2/β-PbO2-MnO2-WC-ZrO2 composite electrode materials[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24(10):3394-3404.
    [117] 赵海燕, 曹江林, 张鉴清. 掺杂F对PbO2阳极性能和电催化活性的影响[J]. 无机化学学报, 2007, 23(12):2079-2084. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-4861.2007.12.014

    ZHAO H Y, CAO J L, ZHANG J Q. Effect of fluorine ion doping on performance and electrocatalytic activity of PbO2 anodes[J]. Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry,2007,23(12):2079-2084(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-4861.2007.12.014
    [118] ZENG Y, CHEN K, WU W, et al. Effect of IrO2 loading on RuO2-IrO2-TiO2 anodes: A study of microstructure and working life for the chlorine evolution reaction[J]. Ceramics International,2007,33(6):1087-1091.
    [119] KIM J, KIM C, KIM S, et al. A review of chlorine evolution mechanism on dimensionally stable anode (DSA (R))[J]. Korean Chemical Engineering Research,2015,53(5):531-539.
    [120] ZHANG W, GHALI E, HOULACHI G. Review of oxide coated catalytic titanium anodes performance for metal electrowinning[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2017,169:456-467.
    [121] YE Z, MENG H, SUN D. New degradation mechanism of Ti/IrO2+MnO2 anode for oxygen evolution in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2008,53(18):5639-5643.
    [122] HU J, WU J, MENG H, et al. Degradation characteristics of Ti/(IrO2+Ta2O5) coating anodes in H2SO4 solution[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2000,10(4):511-515.
    [123] MATTOS-COSTA F, DE LIMA-NETO P, MACHADO S, et al. Characterisation of surfaces modified by sol-gel derived RuxIr1−xO2 coatings for oxygen evolution in acid medium[J]. Electrochimica Acta,1998,44(8):1515-1523.
    [124] TEREZO A, PEREIRA E. Preparation and characterization of Ti/RuO2-Nb2O5 electrodes obtained by polymeric precursor method[J]. Electrochimica Acta,1999,44(25):4507-4513.
    [125] KÖTZ R, STUCKI S. Stabilization of RuO2 by IrO2 for anodic oxygen evolution in acid media[J]. Electrochimica Acta,1986,31(10):1311-1316.
    [126] RAMACHANDRAN P, NANDAKUMAR V, SATHAIYAN N. Electrolytic recovery of zinc from zinc ash using a catalytic anode[J]. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2004,79(6):578-583.
    [127] JAIMES R, MIRANDA-HERNANDEZ M, LARTUNDO-ROJAS L, et al. Characterization of anodic deposits formed on Pb-Ag electrodes during electrolysis in mimic zinc electrowinning solutions with different concentrations of Mn(Ⅱ)[J]. Hydrometallurgy,2015,156:53-62.
    [128] MAYOUSSE E, MAILLARD F, FOUDA-ONANA F, et al. Synthesis and characterization of electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution in PEM water electrolysis[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2011,36(17):10474-10481.
    [129] RAMYA T, ANBAZHAGI M, MUTHUKUMAR M. Electrochemical oxidation of fipronil contaminated wastewater by RuO2/IrO2/TaO2 coated titanium anodes and sorbent nano hydroxyapatite[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings,2016,3(6):2509-2517.
    [130] TAKASU Y, SUGIMOTO W, NISHIKI Y, et al. Structural analyses of RuO2-TiO2/Ti and IrO2-RuO2-TiO2/Ti anodes used in industrial chlor-alkali membrane processes[J]. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry,2010,40(10):1789-1795.
    [131] HUANG C, YANG S, LAI P. Effect of precursor baking on the electrochemical properties of IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti anodes[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology,2018,350:896-903.
    [132] LIU J, WANG T, CHEN B. Effect of molar ratio of ruthenium and antimony on corrosion mechanism of Ti/Sn-Sb-RuOx electrode for zinc electrowinning[J]. Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2019,166(15):798-803.
    [133] XU L, XIN Y, WANG J. A comparative study on IrO2-Ta2O5 coated titanium electrodes prepared with different methods[J]. Electrochimica Acta,2009,54(6):1820-1825.
  • 加载中
表(6)
计量
  • 文章访问数:  1072
  • HTML全文浏览量:  627
  • PDF下载量:  134
  • 被引次数: 0
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2020-10-22
  • 录用日期:  2020-12-07
  • 网络出版日期:  2020-12-15
  • 刊出日期:  2021-05-01

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回